对地观测多载荷任务规划的建模与算法

研究了空间对地观测中配备多个有效载荷时的观测任务规划问题。首先建立了该问题的组合优化数学模型,优化指标考虑了科学和经济利益的最大化和各项资源约束;然后应用遗传算法对该问题进行了求解,并与贪婪算法结果进行比较;最后,验证了模型的有效性和算法的优越性。     

地球扁率引起红外地平仪姿态量测误差的数学模型

本文讨论了地球扁率引起红外地平仪的姿态量测误差的数学模型，导出解析形式姿态误差计算公式，可在任意轨道根数和扫描轴安装角情况下用于误差补偿。算例表明，利用本文导出的解析公式与利用数值方法的计算结果完全一致。     

Multiobjective genetic optimization of Earth–Moon trajectories in the restricted four-body problem

In this paper, optimal trajectories of a spacecraft traveling from Earth to Moon using impulsive maneuvers (ΔV maneuvers) are investigated. The total flight time and the summation of impulsive maneuvers ΔV are the objective functions to be minimized. The main celestial bodies influencing the motion of the spacecraft in this journey are Sun, Earth and Moon. Therefore, a three-dimensional restricted four-body problem (R4BP) model is utilized to represent the motion of the spacecraft in the gravitational field of these celestial bodies. The total ΔV of the maneuvers is minimized by eliminating the ΔV required for capturing the spacecraft by Moon. In this regard, only a mid-course impulsive maneuver is utilized for Moon ballistic capture. To achieve such trajectories, the optimization problem is parameterized with respect to the orbital elements of the ballistic capture orbits around Moon, the arrival date and a mid-course maneuver time. The equations of motion are solved backward in time with three impulsive maneuvers up to a specified low Earth parking orbit. The results show high potential and capability of this type of parameterization in finding several Pareto-optimal trajectories. Using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with crowding distance sorting (NSGA-II) for the resulting multiobjective optimization problem, several trajectories are discovered. The resulting trajectories of the presented scheme permit alternative trade-off studies by designers incorporating higher level information and mission priorities.     

动态地球磁层的时空剖分编码

动态地球磁层时空剖分模型借鉴了广泛应用于地学大数据的地球格网模型思想,实现了面向地球磁层的动态、非规则化物理空间的多层级剖分,且剖分格网形变稳定,可以实现一定范围内地球磁层时空特性的形式化。在此基础上,对剖分得到的时空格网进行编码表达,以便于计算机存储和处理,这是构建地球磁层大规模观测数据统一管理基础时空框架的另一个关键问题。由于地球磁层特殊的时空特性,经典、单一思路的地学编码方案较难完整地反映格网间的时空关系,因此难以支持格网间的基础时空关系计算。本文融合了整数坐标编码与Morton曲线编码的基本思路,实现了对漂移壳剖分格网的高效编码方案设计,完成了动态地球磁层的时空框架构建,从而为地磁数据的高效组织和处理奠定了基础。实验证明,本文提出的编码方案编码效率较高,且可以支持高效的相邻关系计算,为动态地球磁层多源、多层级、异构的大规模观测数据的组织与计算提供了一种解决方案。     

Application of CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique on monitoring GEO satellites

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites are widely used because of their unique characteristics of high-orbit and remaining permanently in the same area of the sky. Precise monitoring of GEO satellites can provide a key reference for the judgment of satellite operation status, the capture and identification of targets, and the analysis of collision warning. The observation using ground-based optical telescopes plays an important role in the field of monitoring GEO targets. Different from distant celestial bodies, there is a relative movement between the GEO target and the background reference stars, which makes the conventional observation method limited for long focal length telescopes. CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique is applied on monitoring GEO targets. In the case of parking the telescope, the good round images of the background reference stars and the GEO target at the same sky region can be obtained through the alternating observation of CCD drift-scan mode and CCD stare mode, so as to improve the precision of celestial positioning for the GEO target. Observation experiments of GEO targets were carried out with 1.56-meter telescope of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. The results show that the application of CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique makes the precision of observing the GEO target reach the level of 0.2″, which gives full play to the advantage of the long focal length of the telescope. The effect of orbit improvement based on multi-pass of observations is obvious and the prediction precision of extrapolating to 72-h is in the order of several arc seconds in azimuth and elevation.     

低轨卫星多普勒频移特性的快速计算

地面站利用低轨卫星进行通信时,地面接收站接收信号存在明显的多普勒频移现象.为描述多普勒频移特性,首先分析卫星轨道偏心率对多普勒特性曲线的影响,分析表明:轨道偏心率越大,地面站接收信号多普勒变化率越大.其次,推导了卫星多普勒频移的计算表达式,并讨论了低轨卫星多普勒频移特性曲线的快速计算.仿真计算结果表明,该算法可以很好地描述任意低轨道卫星多普勒频移特性,并明显缩短了精确算法的计算时间,对于10 000 km轨道高度卫星,算法置信度可达99％以上.     

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.