美国"未来成像体系结构"关键技术及失败原因分析

"未来成像体系结构"(FIA)是美国国家侦察局(NRO)于20世纪末提出的一项美国下一代成像侦察卫星星座计划,提出伊始雄心勃勃,但最终却走向费用严重超支、发射一再推迟的失败命运。文章简单介绍了"未来成像体系结构"的基本情况,分析了其中涉及的关键技术以及造成该计划失败的根本原因,最后介绍了美国替代"未来成像体系结构"计划的发展规划及其对我国未来发展天基成像侦察系统的战略启示。     

具有弯曲叶片涡轮级的性能预估方法

给出了一个以S₂流面流函数为主控方程的具有弯曲叶片的涡轮级性能预测的通流计算方法。此方法的损失计算中叶型损失采用S₁流面数值模拟方法得到,叶栅端部区域附近的二次流损失以及动叶叶尖漏气损失采用经验数据的方法估算。其中二次流损失的计算考虑了叶片弯曲对其大小以及节距平均的径向分布的影响。通过与实验数据的对比,表明此损失模型是可信的。      

Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

Estimation of Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Doubly-periodic Fiber Reinforced Composites

For steady-state heat conduction, a new variational functional for a unit cell of composites with periodic microstructures is constructed by considering the quasi-periodicity of the temperature field and in the periodicity of the heat flux fields. Then by combining with the eigenfunction expansion of complex potential which satisfies the fiber-matrix interface conditions, an eigenfunction expansion-variational method(EEVM) based on a unit cell is developed. The effective transverse thermal conductivities of doubly-periodic fiber reinforced composites are calculated, and the first-order approximation formula for the square and hexagonal arrays is presented, which is convenient for engineering application. The numerical results show a good convergency of the presented method, even though the fiber volume fraction is relatively high. Comparisons with the existing analytical and experimental results are made to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the first-order approximation formula for the hexagonal array.     

Autonomous space target tracking through state estimation techniques via ground-based passive optical telescope

The presence of operational satellites or small-body space debris is a challenge for autonomous ground-based space object observation. Although most space objects exceeding 10?cm in diameter have been cataloged, the position of each space object (based on six orbital parameters) remains important and should be updated periodically, as the Earth’s orbital perturbations cause disturbances. Modern ground-based passive optical telescopes equipped with complementary metal-oxide semiconductors have become widely used in astrometry engineering, being combined with image processing techniques for target signal enhancement. However, the detection and tracking performance of this equipment when employed with image processing techniques primarily depends on the size and brightness of the space target, which appears on the monitor screen under variable background interference conditions. A small and dim target has a highly sensitive tracking error compared to a bright target. Moreover, most image processing techniques for target signal enhancement require large computational power and memory; therefore, automatic tracking of a space target is difficult. The present work investigates autonomous space target detection and tracking to achieve high-sensitivity detection and improved tracking ability for non-Gaussian and dynamic backgrounds with a simple system mechanism and computational efficiency. We develop an improved particle filter (PF) using the ensemble Kalman filter (KF) for track-before-detect (TBD) frameworks, by modifying and optimizing the computational formula for our non-linear measurement function. We call this extended version the “ensemble Kalman PF-TBD (EnKPF-TBD).” Three sequential astronomical image datasets taken by the Asia-Pacific Ground-Based Optical Space Objects Observation System (APOSOS) telescope under different conditions are used to evaluate three proposed TBD baseline frameworks. Given an optimal random sample size, the EnKPF-TBD exhibits superior performance to PF-TBD and threshold-based unscented KF with two-dimensional peak search (2dPS). The EnKPF-TBD scheme achieves satisfactory performance for all variable background interference conditions, especially for a small and dim space target, in terms of tracking accuracy and computational efficiency.     

梯度功能材料制备技术及其发展趋势

综述了梯度功能材料（ＦＧＭ）的制备技术和国内外的研究现状,具体介绍了几种制备技术的基本原理和工艺方法,包括粉末冶金法、等离子喷涂法、激光熔敷法、化学气相沉积法和物理气相法以及自蔓延高温燃烧合成法。从工艺角度分析了各种制备技术的优缺点,并展望了梯度功能材料制备技术的发展趋势。     

载人月球车移动系统综述及关键技术分析

以载人月球车的发展和相关技术为对象,首先对国外载人月球车移动系统的概念设计进行了系统的综述,对载人月球车各种概念设计的特点进行了比较和分析,探讨了载人月球车的设计趋势;其次以阿波罗载人月球车移动系统结构为例,分析其移动系统的主要构成作为借鉴;然后从机构学、地面力学及动力学等方面在载人月球车研究中的应用现状进行了综述;最后提出了载人月球车移动系统的关键技术,指明了当前亟需解决的关键技术及难点所在。     

太阳帆推进技术研究现状及其关键技术分析

详细阐述太阳帆推进技术作为深空探测的技术方面的应用优势、技术特征、工作原理,总结了国外对太阳帆推进技术研究的历史发展和研究现状,并对太阳帆推进的关键技术进行分析,在此基础上,提出了我国发展太阳帆相关推进技术的必要性、发展策略和途径。     

Thermal Stresses and Cracks During the Growth of Large-sized Sapphire with SAPMAC Method

本文利用有限元法对冷心放肩微量提拉法(SAPMAC)生长大尺寸蓝宝石单晶过程中的热应力进行了模拟计算,应用临界缺陷理论解释了裂纹的萌生与扩展机理。研究表明,晶体内的热应力主要与晶体生长速率,环境温度和结晶取向有关;较大热应力多出现在结晶界面,放肩、收尾以及直径急剧变化等位置;最大热应力总是出现在籽晶与新生晶体的界面附近。裂纹将在临界缺陷位置产生,并在应力作用下沿a或m面扩展。计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,通过晶体生长系统和生长工艺的改进,对晶体的开裂问题得到了有效的抑制。     

小议福克纳短篇小说《夕阳》中的叙述技巧

在威廉·福克纳的短篇小说<夕阳>中,作者运用了多种叙述技巧揭露文中白人对黑人所受苦难的冷漠态度.本文阐述了福克纳的叙述技巧并认为福克纳使用了一种新的叙述技巧完成了<夕阳>的创作,而对此的运用不仅体现了他本人的复杂个性,同时也深化了文章中种族歧视的主题.