双月球探测器相对定位的同波束VLBI技术研究

针对着陆器和月球车数传信号无法在同一通道内记录的问题,提出利用射电源观测修正不同通道装置内部时延的同波束甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）方法,解算含微小偏移量的差分相时延。利用嫦娥二号两个X波段VLBI信号观测数据和上海、昆明、乌鲁木齐三个台站的同波束VLBI器地对接数据验证了提出的方法。结果表明解算的含微小偏移量差分相时延形式误差在皮秒量级,系统误差在0.5ns(纳秒)左右,有望把月球车的相对定位精度提高至数十米。     

高精度重力场下回归轨道半解析优化设计

为解决太阳同步回归轨道的标称设计问题,提出一种基于高精度重力场的半解析优化方法。建立地球非球形引力摄动阶数为J15 的高精度重力场解析模型,并分离出引力摄动的长期项和长周期项。构建回归轨道从半长轴到平交点周期的对应关系,平交点周期变化随引力摄动阶数的提高而逐渐收敛。通过微分修正迭代算法所确定的半长轴相对于传统J2摄动模型的半长轴确定值具有更高的精度和更好的稳定性。考察摄动短周期项影响下的密切交点周期,结果表明其受初始位置(平近点角)影响较大,变化范围为0.015s,并由此给出精确回归轨道优化设计的基准：不同的初始位置上满足星下点轨迹严格回归的半长轴期望值。     

采用超声波电机的空间飞网自适应收口机构设计

介绍了一种采用超声波电机作为驱动源的空间飞网自适应收口机构（质量块）的设计及实现方法。通过分析捕获过程中质量块运动情况,研究超声波电机电流与负载的关系,确定以加速度信号和电流信号作为电机启动和停止的触发信号,在此基础上设计并实现了质量块的驱动控制系统。通过在电机输出轴与卷筒间加入差动轮系构成双卷筒机构,力学分析证实了该机构在负载不均衡情况下的自适应性。分析证明该机构使飞网的捕获操作对捕获平台的精度要求降低,有容错能力。同时使收口机构在部分质量块故障时也能完成捕获任务。     

航天器末端拦截自适应博弈策略

针对航天器末端拦截博弈问题,基于微分对策理论研究了各星的博弈策略。根据拦截空间是否具有防御器将博弈态势分为双星博弈和三星博弈。首先考虑拦截器与目标的双星博弈态势,以终端脱靶量为指标设计了相对博弈策略,并提出时间分析方程以提高策略对不同拦截态势的自适应性。然后,考虑具有防御器的三星博弈态势,提出了博弈切换策略将其化为分段双星博弈,并将双边时间方程扩展到三星博弈中,使拦截器在不被防御器反拦截的情况下,实现对目标的快速拦截。最后仿真分析了博弈策略与时间分析方程对航天器拦截博弈问题的有效性。     

Calibration errors in determining slant Total Electron Content (TEC) from multi-GNSS data

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is presently a powerful tool for sensing the Earth's ionosphere. For this purpose, the ionospheric measurements (IMs), which are by definition slant total electron content biased by satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs), need to be first extracted from GNSS data and then used as inputs for further ionospheric representations such as tomography. By using the customary phase-to-code leveling procedure, this research comparatively evaluates the calibration errors on experimental IMs obtained from three GNSS, namely the US Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo. On the basis of ten days of dual-frequency, triple-GNSS observations collected from eight co-located ground receivers that independently form short-baselines and zero-baselines, the IMs are determined for each receiver for all tracked satellites and then for each satellite differenced for each baseline to evaluate their calibration errors. As first derived from the short-baseline analysis, the effects of calibration errors on IMs range, in total electron content units, from 1.58 to 2.16, 0.70 to 1.87, and 1.13 to 1.56 for GPS, Galileo, and BDS, respectively. Additionally, for short-baseline experiment, it is shown that the code multipath effect accounts for their main budget. Sidereal periodicity is found in single-differenced (SD) IMs for GPS and BDS geostationary satellites, and the correlation of SD IMs over two consecutive days achieves the maximum value when the time tag is around 4?min. Moreover, as byproducts of zero-baseline analysis, daily between-receiver DCBs for GPS are subject to more significant intra-day variations than those for BDS and Galileo.     

Estimation of QZSS differential code biases using QZSS/GPS combined observations from MGEX

As an important error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and ionospheric modeling, the differential code biases (DCB) need to be estimated accurately, e.g., the regional Quasi-Zenith satellite system (QZSS). In this paper, the DCB of QZSS is estimated by adopting the global ionospheric modeling method based on QZSS/GPS combined observations from Multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX). The performance of QZSS satellite and receiver DCB is analyzed with observations from day of year (DOY) 275–364, 2018. Good agreement between our estimated QZSS satellite DCB and the products from DLR and CAS is obtained. The bias and root mean square (RMS) of DCB are mostly within ±0.3 ns. The day-to-day fluctuation of the DCB time series is less than 0.5 ns with about 96% of the cases for all satellites. However, the receiver DCB is a little less stable than satellite DCB, and their standard deviations (STDs) are within 1.9 ns. The result shows that the stability of the receiver DCBs is not significantly related to the types of receiver or antenna.     

An improved sea level retrieval method using the differential evolution of GNSS SNR data

This paper presents an improved new method with differential evolution and the cubic spline approach is proposed to retrieve sea level height based on GNSS SNR observations from a single geodetic receiver. Considering the B-spline function is unstable at the beginning or end, and the feature that B-spline functions do not pass through nodes may introduce errors. Thus, the cubic spline is applied to the retrieval process and accounts for a continuous and smooth in sea level retrieval time series. Besides, the biases caused by tropospheric delay and dynamic sea level are considered and corrected. Testing data from two stations with different tidal range and the final solution agrees well with measurements from co-located tide gauges, reaching the RMSE of 3.67 cm at Friday Harbor, Washington, and 1.36 cm at Onsala, Sweden. Comparison of the nonlinear least squares, this method leads to a clear increase in precision of the sea level retrievals within 50%. Additionally, referring to the result of Purnell et al. (2020) and the IAG inter-comparison campaign, the results of this paper show more potential.     

Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems

This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.     

Optimal trajectory planning of free-floating space manipulator using differential evolution algorithm

The existence of the path dependent dynamic singularities limits the volume of available workspace of free-floating space robot and induces enormous joint velocities when such singularities are met. In order to overcome this demerit, this paper presents an optimal joint trajectory planning method using forward kinematics equations of free-floating space robot, while joint motion laws are delineated with application of the concept of reaction null-space. Bézier curve, in conjunction with the null-space column vectors, are applied to describe the joint trajectories. Considering the forward kinematics equations of the free-floating space robot, the trajectory planning issue is consequently transferred to an optimization issue while the control points to construct the Bézier curve are the design variables. A constrained differential evolution (DE) scheme with premature handling strategy is implemented to find the optimal solution of the design variables while specific objectives and imposed constraints are satisfied. Differ from traditional methods, we synthesize null-space and specialized curve to provide a novel viewpoint for trajectory planning of free-floating space robot. Simulation results are presented for trajectory planning of 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematically redundant manipulator mounted on a free-floating spacecraft and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.