Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems

This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.     

Optimal trajectory planning of free-floating space manipulator using differential evolution algorithm

The existence of the path dependent dynamic singularities limits the volume of available workspace of free-floating space robot and induces enormous joint velocities when such singularities are met. In order to overcome this demerit, this paper presents an optimal joint trajectory planning method using forward kinematics equations of free-floating space robot, while joint motion laws are delineated with application of the concept of reaction null-space. Bézier curve, in conjunction with the null-space column vectors, are applied to describe the joint trajectories. Considering the forward kinematics equations of the free-floating space robot, the trajectory planning issue is consequently transferred to an optimization issue while the control points to construct the Bézier curve are the design variables. A constrained differential evolution (DE) scheme with premature handling strategy is implemented to find the optimal solution of the design variables while specific objectives and imposed constraints are satisfied. Differ from traditional methods, we synthesize null-space and specialized curve to provide a novel viewpoint for trajectory planning of free-floating space robot. Simulation results are presented for trajectory planning of 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematically redundant manipulator mounted on a free-floating spacecraft and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于CW方程的航天器追逃问题半直接求解方法

针对时间固定的两航天器追逃问题,提出一种以半直接配点法研究追逃双方最优控制策略的求解方法。航天器追逃问题是基于微分对策的追逃问题,该问题是含有追逐者和逃逸者控制变量的两点边值问题。若采用必要条件求解,则对迭代初值要求高,收敛困难。在两航天器均为连续小推力的假设条件下,以终端距离为支付函数,给出半直接配点法的求解过程。在此数值方法中,根据半直接转换将微分对策问题转化为最优控制问题,采用Gauss-Lobbato配点法将此最优问题最终转化为非线性规划问题,继而通过序列二次规划算法求解。这种半直接配点法避免了对微分对策问题最优策略的必要条件(两点边值问题)求解。采用该方法求解对迭代初值不敏感,且数值稳定性好。数值仿真实例验证了这种求解方法的可行性。该方法提高了求解两点边值问题的收敛性,为求解含有双方控制变量的微分对策问题提供了一种思路。     

一种关节式人机合作机器人运动学及动力学建模

Cobot（Collaborative Robot）是一种可与操作者在同一作业空间实现直接物理合作的新型机器人。根据差动轮系的小完伞约束特性，提出了基于差动轮系的关节式人机合作机器人的模型。根据差动机构与关节、差动机构与差动机构之间的耦合关系，建专了并联Cobot的运动学模型，以及由行星轮系实现的差动机构的动力学模型和关节式并联Cobot的动力学模型。这种关节式Cobot模型具有不完全约束特性，可以实现人与机器人在同一作业空间合作，而不会伤害操作者。这种Cobot模型可推广应用于多关节Cobot，主要应用在大规模零件的装配生产线、外科手术以及一些需要人机合作的场合。     

欠驱动刚性航天器可行轨迹生成算法研究

研究了仅有两个独立控制力矩的轴对称欠驱动刚性航天器的可行轨迹生成问题。首先,由系统模型推导出轴对称欠驱动航天器可行轨迹必须满足的状态约束条件;其次,基于轴对称欠驱动航天器的微分平滑特性,提出了一种可行轨迹生成算法。该算法针对欧拉角姿态描述的系统模型,不仅能够有效地简化系统平滑变换中的奇异点避让问题,而且即使是在大角度机动的情况下,仍然能够保证轴对称欠驱动航天器的姿态角速度和相应的控制输入力矩始终保持在合理的范围内。仿真结果表明,该算法计算量小、计算速度快,这使得欠驱动航天器后续的轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪等算法的在线实际应用成为可能。     

南极地区电离层总电子含量分布特征的初步探讨

通过对微分多普勒数据处理后得到的电离层总电子含量的分析, 探讨了南极地区总电子含量随纬度的分布变化特征及规律。      

区域经济外源性增长中的政企博弈

外源性经济增长是以吸引外商直接投资方式,促进区城经济增长的一种方式。在这种增长方式中,政府和投资者,有着不同目标利益取向,从而导致外商直接投资区域分布的不均衡性。本文运用博奕理论探讨多目标博奕对外商直接投资区域分布的影响。研究表明,外商直接投资的区位选择及投资额与政府投资建设的软硬环境密切相关,而且投资环境越优对外商直接投资的吸引力越大;而对政府而言,应从招商引资向招商选资转变,以便实现综合效益最优化和规避政府的投资风险。     

美国太空作战演习主要成果探析

美国凭借其太空力量优势,服从于联合作战和全球霸权战略需要,率先打造太空作战演习,全方位强化太空威慑能力。阐述了太空作战演习要素,归纳了美国近期太空作战的演习情况和主要目的,提炼了历次太空作战演习的主要成果,以期为太空力量建设提供有益的参考。     

基于智能微分对策的自主机动决策方法研究

提出了一种基于智能微分对策的自主机动决策系统.该系统通过预测对抗双方的未来运动状态,将双边极值问题转化为单边极值问题,以降低计算复杂程度,满足机动决策的实时性要求.为体现对抗特性,采用战术过程评价获得最优机动,战术过程评价采用逐级淘汰方法.仿真结果表明,对抗双方未来运动状态预测误差能满足机动决策的需求,机动决策结果能有效提高作战性能.