Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

Science operations planning expertise: A neglected component of mission design

In this paper, Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) is defined as the expertise that is held by people who have the two following qualities. First they have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Second, they can be used, on request and at least, to provide with advice the teams that design and implement science operations systems in order to optimise the performance and productivity of the mission. However, the relevance and use of such SOPE early on during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) is not sufficiently recognised. As a result, science operations planning is often neglected or poorly assessed during the mission definition phases. This can result in mission architectures that are not optimum in terms of cost and scientific returns, particularly for missions that require a significant amount of science operations planning. Consequently, science operations planning difficulties and cost underestimations are often realised only when it is too late to design and implement the most appropriate solutions. In addition, higher costs can potentially reduce both the number of new missions and the chances of existing ones to be extended. Moreover, the quality, and subsequently efficiency, of SOPE can vary greatly. This is why we also believe that the best possible type of SOPE requires a structure similar to the ones of existing bodies of expertise dedicated to the data processing such as the International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA), the Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) or the Planetary Data System (PDS). Indeed, this is the only way of efficiently identifying science operations planning issues and their solutions as well as of keeping track of them in order to apply them to new missions. Therefore, this paper advocates for the need to allocate resources in order to both optimise the use of SOPE early on during the MDP and to perform, at least, a feasibility study of such a more structured SOPE.     

可靠性设计优化的球空间设计法

可靠性设计优化（RBDO）在航空航天等领域已经被广泛应用,具有显著提高可靠性的效果;然而它包含两个迭代循环-总体优化循环和可靠性分析循环,双循环求解方法效率低下甚至难以承受。本文提出一种可以提高可靠性设计优化求解效率的方法-球空间设计法,该方法可以方便地表达搜索区域,最大可能失效点可以从极值点处精确获取;同时,该方法可以将总体优化以及可靠性分析同步进行。本文所提出的球空间法的有效性将通过2个算例进行测试,测试结果表明该方法不仅精度与同类方法持平,求解效率有明显提升,它将会对提高航空航天装备如卫星、火箭、飞行器等产品的可靠性提供更为有效的方法和技术支持。     

流线追踪Busemann进气道设计参数的选择

为了研究型面设计马赫数、唇口偏移量对流线追踪Busemann进气道设计点性能的影响规律,寻求最佳性能的进气道,对设计马赫数为6,具有不同型面设计马赫数和唇口偏移量的流线追踪进气道进行了数值模拟。研究表明:选取低于马赫数6的型面设计马赫数,可获得较高的流量系数和增压比,而其压缩效率并不低;进气道唇口偏移量增大,会导致流量系数、增压比变小,但却有利于减小进气道内的分离程度,还会影响隔离段内的流动,因此唇口偏移量的选取需要综合考虑。     

非线性主轴降维映射法在固体火箭发动机设计优化中的应用

为在二维或三维空间中表达固体火箭发动机高维设计空间,引入非线性主轴降维映射法对多维非线性设计优化问题进行降维处理。以某大型固体火箭发动机设计问题为例,将10变量4有效约束优化问题降维映射到二维空间进行研究,拟合的非线性主轴降维映射模型中,目标函数和约束函数的相对误差控制在1.5%以内。研究表明,非线性主轴降维映射法具有发现多变量非线性优化数学模型本征特性的特点,能对设计变量重要性排序;通过降维展示设计空间全景,为优化算法和优化初始点优选提供了直观、有力的工具;优化轨迹实时展示为优化算法性质研究及算法切换提供了依据;根据优化轨迹从优化结果在降维空间中的位置能够判断优化结果是否具有全局最优解特性。     

深冷组合循环发动机吸气模态循环分析与设计可行域研究

为了研究类似SABRE3结构的深冷组合循环发动机,建立了基于部件法的发动机设计点热力学计算模型,提出了发动机氦循环新的循环效率和循环特征参数的定义。考虑发动机参数的物理限制条件及不同工质循环之间的相互影响,求解得到了空气路、氦气路重要参数的设计可行域。在可行域内开展了空气路和氦气路的循环分析,获到了冷却当量比、性能参数等主要参数的分布结果。结果表明:此发动机空气热功转换比ηt2为0.02～0.746。氦循环设计可行域受ηt2及换热器热负荷限制;循环起始温度和热负荷限制确定的情况下,ηt2越低氦循环可行域越窄。降低发动机冷却当量比的关键是:提高换热器1的氦出口温度以降低氦流量;当换热器1和换热器2的氦出口温度同时取得最大值时,冷却当量比取得最小值。换热器1和2的氦出口温度分别取1200K和1300K时,空气路可行域内冷却当量比为0.917～2.64。     

民用飞机复合材料层压板铺层设计方法研究

在民用飞机复合材料应用中,关键技术领域包括选材、结构设计、强度分析、制件成型及装配工艺、结构修理、适航等。针对民用飞机复合材料层压板铺层设计方法展开研究,在结构初步设计阶段运用工程方法完成结构铺层设计和尺寸设计。     

钛合金耳片快速设计方法初探

为较快捷地得到以钛合金Ti-6Al-4V锻件为材料的耳片尺寸参数,同时获得合适的承载效率系数,依据相关文献中关于耳片的3种承载效率系数,并结合常规校核公式,将与耳片尺寸参数相关的关联参数由3种统一为1种、即统一为耳片最小径向截面宽度b与耳片内径D的比值,并拟合了对应的承载效率系数曲线。使用本文的3种拟合曲线,可快速、有效地得到耳片参数b/D与承载效率系数的对应关系,达到快速设计接头耳片的目的。     

基于成熟度的航空发动机WBS技术及工作模式研究

航空发动机工作分解结构一直是型号研制的重要依据。通过研究国内中小航空发动机压气机组件现行多学科协同设计过程,在对原来的工作分解结构进行分析后,提出基于成熟度的优化工作分解结构。使得航空发动机压气机组件的协同设计过程效率得到了提高,并在Teamcenter平台系统中进行了实例验证。     

氢氧涡流燃烧推力器设计方案仿真研究

涡流燃烧冷壁液体火箭发动机具有燃烧室侧壁温度低的特点,在高空或空间氢氧推力器应用方面很有优势,但是喷管喉部高温限制了它的应用.本文对以气氢气氧为推进剂的涡流燃烧冷壁发动机的设计方案进行了仿真研究,指出涡流工质的选择是燃烧室设计的首要问题,应根据燃烧反应总包方程,以体积流量较大的推进剂作为涡流工质,而并非一定是氧化剂.氢...