小型回流燃烧室多工况碳黑分布预测

为了研究小型回流燃烧室不同条件下的工作状态,并分析其产生积碳现象的原因,采用k-ε湍流模型、EDC湍流燃烧等模型对该燃烧室多个工况进行数值计算。结果表明,燃烧室性能参数计算值与台架数据较吻合,各个状态下参数相对误差均小于1.37%。根据各工况的温度分布的变化,发现燃烧室火焰随工况降低逐渐向火焰筒头部收缩。计算了各工况蒸发管内的燃油蒸发率,发现蒸发率在低工况时明显降低。根据出口温度分布情况,计算出口温度分布系数OTDF为0.35。分析碳黑粒子的分布,发现积碳现象主要在火焰筒头部,其原因主要是燃烧不充分和冷却气膜的缺失。     

Improving surface integrity when drilling CFRPs and Ti-6Al-4V using sustainable lubricated liquid carbon dioxide

In the quest for decreasing fuel consumption and resulting gas emissions in the aeronautic sector, lightweight materials such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are being used. These materials, with excellent weight-to-strength ratios, are widely used for structural applications in aircraft manufacturing. To date, several studies have been published showing that the use of metalworking fluids (MWFs), special tool geometries, or advanced machining techniques is required to ensure a surface quality that meets aerospace component standards. Conventional MWFs pose a number of environmental and worker health hazards and also degrade the mechanical properties of CFRPs due to water absorption in the composite. Therefore, a transition to more environmentally friendly cooling/lubrication techniques that prevent moisture problems in the composite is needed. This research shows that lubricated LCO₂ is a viable option to improve the quality of drilled CFRP and titanium aerospace components compared to dry machining, while maintaining clean work areas. The results show that the best combination of tool geometry and cooling conditions for machining both materials is drilling with Brad point drills and lubricated LCO₂. Drilling under these conditions resulted in a 90 % improvement in fiber pull-out volume compared to dry machined CFRP holes. In addition, a 33 % reduction in burr height and a 15 % improvement in surface roughness were observed compared to dry drilling of titanium.     

Grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable oils as base oil

Vegetable oil can be used as a base oil in minimal quantity of lubrication(MQL). This study compared the performances of MQL grinding by using castor oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, and palm oil as base oils. A K-P36 numerical-control precision surface grinder was used to perform plain grinding on a workpiece material with a high-temperature nickel base alloy. A YDM–III 99 three-dimensional dynamometer was used to measure grinding force,and a clip-type thermocouple was used to determine grinding temperature. The grinding force, grinding temperature, and energy ratio coefficient of MQL grinding were compared among the seven vegetable oil types. Results revealed that(1) castor oil-based MQL grinding yields the lowest grinding force but exhibits the highest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(2) palm oil-based MQL grinding generates the second lowest grinding force but shows the lowest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(3) MQL grinding based on the five other vegetable oils produces similar grinding forces, grinding temperatures, and energy ratio coefficients, with values ranging between those of castor oil and palm oil;(4) viscosity significantly influences grinding force and grinding temperature to a greater extent than fatty acid varieties and contents in vegetable oils;(5) although more viscous vegetable oil exhibits greater lubrication and significantly lower grinding force than less viscous vegetable oil, high viscosity reduces the heat exchange capability of vegetable oil and thus yields a high grinding temperature;(6) saturated fatty acid is a more efficient lubricant than unsaturated fatty acid; and(7) a short carbon chain transfers heat more effectively than a long carbon chain. Palm oil is the optimum base oil of MQL grinding, and this base oil yields 26.98 N tangential grinding force,87.10 N normal grinding force, 119.6 °C grinding temperature, and 42.7% energy ratio coefficient.     

阶梯钻钻削碳纤维复合材料的钻削力及孔质量

根据碳纤维复合材料制孔过程中产生的缺陷,自主磨制专用钻头——阶梯钻对碳纤维复合材料进行钻削实验,研究了在不同加工参数下阶梯钻钻削碳纤维复合材料的钻削力、孔出口质量、孔壁表面粗糙度,并与普通麻花钻头进行对比。结果表明:阶梯钻产生的钻削轴向力是麻花钻的一半,孔壁表面粗糙度值更小,孔出口没有明显的缺陷,阶梯钻适合钻削碳纤维复合材料。     

偏置抛物面卫星天线反射器固化变形分析

偏置抛物面卫星天线反射器由碳纤维预浸料铺制而成,在固化过程中通常会出现热变形、固化收缩变形及机械变形等,且过大的变形会导致反射器反射信号产生偏差。为了有效预测天线反射器在热压罐固化过程中的变形,本文采用线性黏弹性本构模型表征纤维增强复合材料在固化过程中的应力-应变关系。采用顺序热-力耦合分析法,对天线反射器内部温度场、固化度场及位移场的分布进行建模,并对铺层结构及降温速率对天线反射器变形的影响开展研究。结果表明：相较于纯0°铺层结构,正交和准各向同性铺层天线反射器z向变形量减小了51%以上,且降低降温速率有助于提高天线反射器的固化型面变形。     

Carbon dioxide dynamics of combined crops of wheat,cowpea, pinto beans in the Laboratory Biosphere closed ecological system

A mixed crop consisting of cowpeas, pinto beans and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat was grown in the Laboratory Biosphere, a 40 m³ closed life system equipped with 12,000 W of high pressure sodium lamps over planting beds with 5.37 m² of soil. Similar to earlier reported experiments, the concentration of carbon dioxide initially increased to 7860 ppm at 10 days after planting due to soil respiration plus CO₂ contributed from researchers breathing while in the chamber for brief periods before plant growth became substantial. Carbon dioxide concentrations then fell rapidly as plant growth increased up to 29 days after planting and subsequently was maintained mostly in the range of about 200–3000 ppm (with a few excursions) by CO₂ injections to feed plant growth. Numerous analyses of rate of change of CO₂ concentration at many different concentrations and at many different days after planting reveal a strong dependence of fixation rates on CO₂ concentration. In the middle period of growth (days 31–61), fixation rates doubled for CO₂ at 450 ppm compared to 270 ppm, doubled again at 1000 ppm and increased a further 50% at 2000 ppm. High productivity from these crops and the increase of fixation rates with elevated CO₂ concentration supports the concept that enhanced CO₂ can be a useful strategy for remote life support systems. The data suggests avenues of investigation to understand the response of plant communities to increasing CO₂ concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere. Carbon balance accounting and evapotranspiration rates are included.     

树脂基碳纤维复合材料的热物理性能之一——热膨胀

本文讨论了碳纤维复合材料的热膨胀机理及热膨胀系数的理论计算,总结归纳了CFRP材料中纤维排布方式、温度等因素对热膨胀系数的影响,最后给出了一些CFRP材料的热膨胀系数。     

陶瓷基复合材料在喷管上的应用

综述了国外Ｃ／ＳｉＣ陶瓷基复合材料在火箭发动机喷管上的应用现状,重点介绍了法国ＳＥＰ生产Ｃ／ＳｉＣ复合材料喷管扩张段的成型技术以及连接与机加、材料性能等。最后对Ｃ／ＳｉＣ复合材料在固体火箭发动机上的应用前景进行了展望。     

纳米碳粉掺杂对激光烧蚀GAP的推进性能影响

实验以含能聚合物聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(Glycidyl azide polymer,GAP）作为激光烧蚀微推力器的靶材。通过对不同浓度纳米碳粉掺杂和靶材厚度下激光烧蚀GAP的比冲、冲量耦合系数和能量转化效率测量,结合靶材喷射羽流图像,分析了纳米碳粉掺杂提高激光烧蚀聚合物靶材推进性能的机理,给出纳米碳粉掺杂的适用方式。实验结果表明：透射式下,掺杂纳米碳粉之后,聚合物对激光的吸收大幅增强,但激光烧蚀推进性能不随掺杂浓度增加而显著提升;纳米碳粉吸收激光能量形成温度极高的局部热区促进聚合物中化学能的释放,是推进性能提升的主要原因;掺杂纳米碳粉之后的GAP烧蚀深度降低,表现出面吸收特性;随着靶材厚度的增加,未完全烧蚀的工质质量增加,使得靶材的利用率大大降低,导致聚合物推进性能下降。实验中掺杂3%纳米碳粉、厚度为54 μm的GAP靶材最优能量转化效率超过250%,适合作为透射式激光烧蚀微推力器的靶材。     

碳／环氧复合材料弹翼的质量控制

影响碳／环氧复合材料弹翼的质量因素较多,而且很复杂。本文着重介绍了弹翼在试生产过程中,不断改进工艺方法以及工艺装备,使复合材料弹翼质量得到了有效控制,各项技术指标均满足了设计和使用要求。