动力失效对起飞纵向气动特性影响数值研究

研究民用飞机动力失效对飞机起飞阶段纵向气动特性的影响规律及其机理,对保证飞机有效操纵和安全飞行具有重要意义.采用在点对点多块结构化网格系统上求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程的数值方法,研究发动机动力失效对某民用飞机起飞构型纵向气动特性的影响.通过DLR-F11模型验证研究方法对民用飞机高升力构型气动特性的预测能力;针对安装动力短舱的某翼吊涡扇发动机民用飞机起飞构型,通过对比其发动机在正常工况和失效时飞机气动特性的差异,得出动力失效对飞机纵向气动特性的影响规律及机理.结果表明:动力失效后,不但溢流效应会使飞机阻力系数增大;还会导致发动机进、排气特性较正常工作状态明显不同,恶化短舱附近流场,对飞机的升力、失速特性带来不利影响.     

高超声速轴对称再入机动飞行器气动外形设计与布局研究

为设计大气层内大范围机动、可实现急速拐弯与下压、终端飞行参数可调的高超声速轴对称再入机动飞行器气动外形,针对总体、控制等相关专业的工程研制需求,在剖析机动飞行法向加速度、机动配平能力和机动距离产生机理的基础上,通过经风洞试验修正过的无粘数值计算方法,得到了锥体与翼身组合体气动特性,分析得出了细长双锥体加四个全动式三角形空气舵是满足较高升力和升阻比、静稳定裕度合理、较高舵面效率和较小负载力矩等高超声速机动飞行要求的最佳气动外形;采用混合水平的正交设计法,得到各外形因素影响机动性能的规律和极差值.据此,开展风洞试验,选择出了满足工程研制总体技术指标要求的最优气动外形,并验证了理论预测的合理性.此外,针对优选出的+字布局与×字布局两种不同的布局形式,从舵面控制方式、舵面效率、机动性能和航向稳定性等方面进行了分析与比较,得到×字布局在升力、升阻比、舵面控制效率、静稳定裕度等方面均优于+字布局但工程实现相对复杂的结论.     

垂直/短矩起降飞机机翼内埋式风扇布局气动特性分析

以垂直/短距起降飞机过渡飞行状态为背景,针对机翼内埋式风扇布局的自由来流/风扇喷流混合型流动,基于结构/非结构混合网格使用CFD方法进行了非定常数值模拟和分析.首先使用滑移网格技术对NASA涵道螺旋桨进行算例验证,其时均计算结果与实验值的误差为5.3%,证明了计算方法的可靠性和准确性,然后数值模拟了机翼内埋式风扇布局在不同迎角下的气动性能.结果表明:风扇喷流在机翼上产生了特有的“抽吸”和“堵塞”效应,引起了机翼总升阻力的显著增加,升力最大增量达到干净机翼升力的2.6倍,阻力最大增量为干净机翼阻力的3.2倍,混合流场在机翼后缘引起了升力损失并卷起对涡.      

Design and implementation of rigid-flexible coupling for a half-flexible single jack nozzle

The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uni-form flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aero-dynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the half-flexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigid-flexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard (GJB).     

直升机复合材料导电结构制造工艺

碳纤维复合材料的低电导率,使得直升机碳纤维复合材料结构加装的通信设备受到了影响,形成杂波,在一定程度上影响了通信设备的使用效果。为提升直升机碳纤维复合材料结构连接的导电率,以直升机复合材料尾梁为研究对象,通过提升复合材料尾梁设备接口与复合材料尾梁结构的接触性能以及复合材料尾梁自身的电导率,来大幅提升直升机碳纤维复合材料结构的导电率。经过多次验证并装机验证发现,直升机复合材料尾梁导电材料需连续,导电结构长度与电阻具有线性关系且可以通过对设备接口进行预处理的方式提升直升机复合材料尾梁的电导率。具体操作:(1)在导电方向上应连续铺放铜网,以保证导电结构的连续性;(2)在与其部位的成部件导电连接时,用于连接的铜片需要进行预处理,再与铜网进行锡焊连接,可以获得效果稳定的导电界面;(3)导电效果与导电通路的长度和预处理质量相关,基本属于线性关系。     

唇口几何参数对短舱进气道性能影响数值研究

针对下一代民用涡扇发动机短舱长径比不断缩小的发展趋势,为改善发动机进口气流参数分布不均、改善进气道的流场结构、提高其气动性能,开展了进气道唇口关键几何参数对短舱进气道流动特性影响的研究。通过CFD数值模拟方法研究了进气道收缩比、唇口超椭圆指数以及唇口超椭圆长短轴比对短舱进气道性能的影响。研究发现,这三个设计参数改变时,均会对进气道性能产生直接的影响,对畸变指数的影响最明显,其中收缩比改变的影响最大,当收缩比每改变0.025,畸变指数的变化率最大可达到50%。进口收缩比的改变影响喉道截面的流动,超椭圆指数变化影响了进口前缘曲率的变化,而超椭圆长短轴比变化影响了进气道唇口内型面的曲率;超椭圆长短轴比越大,超椭圆指数越小,收缩比越大,唇口初始压力损失越大,壁面摩擦损失越大,进气道总压恢复系数越低,畸变程度越高。     

压气机转子叶片的抑颤设计(“两机”专刊)

以一高压压气机转子叶片为对象开展了叶片抑颤工程设计方法研究,采用基于相位延迟边界条件的能量法和特征值法对原转子叶片模型的气动弹性稳定性进行评估,通过分析近失速工况下的非定常气动功密度分布,对叶片安装角沿径向分布、弦长和叶尖间隙等设计参数进行调整,以明确各参数对气动弹性稳定性的影响,最终达到提高气动阻尼的目的。研究结果表明：叶尖间隙对气动阻尼的影响较大,安装角次之,弦长影响相对较小。叶片气动阻尼随叶尖间隙的变化并非单调,而是存在一个叶尖间隙使其气动阻尼最小,即叶片气动弹性稳定性最差。减小进口气流攻角和增加折合频率,能够提高气动阻尼,设计中可以通过调节安装角来减小气流攻角,增加弦长来增大折合频率。     

翼吊短舱形式发动机安装效应的风洞试验研究

为了确定实际飞行使用条件下,发动机状态变化时,进排气系统损失对飞机气动特性的影响,本文针对翼吊短舱形式的发动机开展了缩比模型风洞试验,分别进行了基本构型与起飞构型下,马赫数0.1、0.15、0.2,攻角0°~15°变化,5种不同发动机状态条件下的风洞试验,通过数据分析,明确了该类型发动机推/阻力划分的基本方法,分析了发动机状态变化时飞机气动特性的改变及修正方法。风洞试验结果表明：发动机状态变化对飞机升阻特性影响明显,飞机设计研发阶段不能仅对短舱通流模型,或单一发动机状态下的动力短舱模型进行损失修正,必须建立合理的推/阻划分体系,对实际使用条件下,发动机状态变化引起的进排气损失进行修正。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

基于产品结构的飞机客户化管理研究

航空公司因市场定位、品牌建设、拟飞航线和所选设备不同,导致客户对不同架次或批次商用飞机的 客户化需求存在较大差异,因此灵活高效的客户化管理是实现客户飞机有效构型配置的第一个关键步骤,也是 飞机采购合同签署的基础。提出一种基于产品结构的需求管理方案,构建三层数据管理结构和各种表单对客 户需求进行全流程管控,对某型号飞机信息系统开发的案例进行分析。该管理方案能够支撑不同航空公司客 户化构型的定义,保证客户需求传递的便捷性和实现的准确性,符合产品全寿命周期管理的发展需求。