Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects. The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one sin-gle jet hole over a wide range of parameters: jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000, relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30, and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030. Exper-imental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteris-tics. On one hand, an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance (increasing jet diameter in fact) enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter. Finally, experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect. This work con-tributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impinge-ment on concave surfaces, which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.     

航空轴承钢的发展及热处理技术

随着航空航天技术的发展,轴承钢的种类和承温能力逐渐提高。而轴承钢的热处理技术对轴承钢的服役寿命及轴承性能的发挥起着关键性的作用,我国航空航天轴承的热处理技术一直处于发展阶段,与国外轴承钢的热处理技术相比仍有一定的上升空间。搜集国内外轴承钢相关的热处理文献,总结了国内外航空航天轴承钢及热处理技术的发展。主要论述了GCr15、8Cr4Mo4V、G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V等轴承钢的热处理技术,介绍了GCr15轴承钢的马氏体等温淬火、贝氏体等温淬火、马氏体+贝氏体混合等温淬火组织,详细介绍了国外M50轴承钢的热处理工艺方法、工艺参数及获得的热处理组织。     

Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

Numerical exploration on the thermal invasion characteristics of two typical gap-cavity structures subjected to hypersonic airflow

In this paper, numerical investigation of hypersonic gas flow over two typical gap-cavity structures is carried out using all-speed preconditioned density-based solver. Such structures filled with porous seal in the gap are often present at the joint locations of control surfaces of the hypersonic vehicles. Single-domain approach is adopted to integrate the governing equations for both porous and fluid regions. The basic thermal invasion characteristic is first illustrated using the maze gap-cavity structure without sealing. Then, the influence of seal filling depth on the thermal invasion characteristic is investigated for the structure with sealing. Finally, a comparison of thermal invasion characteristics between maze and straight gap-cavity structures is performed to examine the influence of gap bending. Results show that the main source of hot airflow invading into the gap is from the millimeter scale gas layer within the boundary layer. And the invasion characteristic presents approximate stationary behavior. A primary vortex occurs in the gap adjacent to the leeward wall, which is ascribed to the impinging effect between the separate boundary flow and the windward wall. This effect is also the main driving force of thermal invasion. A treatment of filling the seal in certain depth inside the gap can significantly reduce the thermal load of seal and maintain an acceptable level of the invading mass flow rate. Additionally, it is found that the gap bending exerts a limited block effect on the thermal invasion without sealing, and this effect can be ignored with sealing. These results can provide a reference for optimizing the seal gap-cavity structure configuration.     

温度传感器时间常数测试技术发展现状与分析

总结了近年来温度传感器时间常数测试技术的发展现状，包括各种测试方法的工作原理、系统结构及研究成果。根据热源及测试装置的特点对现有测试方法进行了分类，并进行了不同测试方法的对比分析，指出了不同测试方法的优点和适用性。基于当前温度传感器微纳化和高速响应的发展趋势，结合行业发展需求，提出了温度传感器高速动态响应测试技术研究应注意的问题和发展方向。     

Effects of cold fronts on MODIS-derived sensible and latent heat fluxes in Itumbiara reservoir (Central Brazil)

In this work we investigate the cold front passage effects on sensible and latent heat flux in a tropical hydroelectric reservoir. The study area, Itumbiara reservoir (Goiás State/Brazil) at the beginning of the austral winter, is characterized by the presence of a weak thermal stratification and the passage of several cold fronts from higher latitudes of South America. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were estimated considering the atmospheric boundary layer stability. In situ and MODIS water surface temperature data were used to adjust the coefficients for momentum and heat exchanges between water and atmosphere and spatialize the sensible and latent heat fluxes. The results showed that during a cold front event the sensible heat flux can be up to five times greater than the flux observed before. The latent heat flux tends to decrease during the cold front but increase again after the passage. The highest values of heat loss were observed at littoral zone and some Reservoir’s embayment. The heat loss intensification can be separated in two moments: first, during the cold front passage, when the wind speed increases and the air temperature decreases; second, after the cold front passage, with air humidity decreasing. This can be considered a key process to understanding the heat loss in the Itumbiara reservoir.     

一种基于空芯光子晶体光纤的气体检测装置研究

光谱分析技术在大气污染检测领域具有广泛的应用前景。文章从吸收光谱的测量原理出发,提出一种基于空芯光子晶体光纤的气体检测装置实验方案,通过对不同浓度的甲醇和三氯乙烯样品进行测量,并根据3标准对测量结果进行分析,发现系统对甲醇和三氯乙烯的检测灵敏度可以达到ppmv量级。     

转子叶片径向受限的“冲击-气膜出流”冷却结构流动与换热

为揭示转子叶片径向受限的"冲击-气膜出流"冷却结构流动换热规律,以某型双层壁叶片肋化分割形成的冷却单元为研究对象,通过数值模拟的方式,对冲击雷诺数Rej,旋转数Ro,无因次温比(Tw-Tf)/Tw等参数变化下流场和换热特性变化规律展开研究。结果表明:在哥氏力和离心力作用下,受限空间内存在射流偏转、径向二次流动以及二次冲击等现象;流动的径向受限可抑制射流偏转,强化冲击换热;相同的旋转数Ro下,逆转向冲击(叶背区)换热努赛尔数Nu比顺转向冲击(叶盆区)高8%。在研究的参数范围内,数值模拟和试验结果说明径向受限周向出流结构能有效的抑制旋转对换热的削弱。     

涡轮动叶凹槽状叶顶传热特性和气动性能的不确定性量化研究

基于非嵌入式多项式混沌展开方法,结合Smolyak稀疏网格技术与Sobol Indic方法构建了涡轮动叶凹槽状叶顶传热特性和气动性能不确定性量化分析系统。研究并量化了几何参数叶顶间隙和运行工况参数主流进口总温与气膜冷却吹风比不确定性对涡轮动叶凹槽状叶顶气热特性的影响。不确定性分析结果表明：在考虑叶顶间隙与主流进口总温和吹风比不确定性的情况下,叶顶换热量 基本符合正态分布。 的统计均值相对于设计值增加13.56%并且其偏离设计值10%的概率高达65.68%。相比叶顶尾缘区域,叶顶前缘部分的换热量对不确定性输入更加敏感。前缘区域的叶片壁面换热量 的不确定性明显大于尾缘部分。在叶顶间隙与主流进口总温和吹风比不确定性的影响下,0-80%轴向弦长区域内叶顶总压损失系数存在微小偏差,但在80%轴向弦长以后区域总压损失系数的不确定性偏差会达到约50%。敏感度分析的结果表明主流进口总温是叶片换热性能不确定性的主导变量,其对 与 不确定性的贡献分别为93.87%和98.32%。叶顶气动性能的不确定性则完全由叶顶间隙控制,其对叶顶总压损失系数不确定性的方差占比高达86.44%。与主效应相比,各变量间的二阶交互效应对叶顶气热性能的影响几乎可以忽略不计。     

电弧增材制造7075铝合金的微观组织与力学性能

7xxx系铝合金电弧增材制造过程中因组织不均匀与元素偏析导致成形试样性能较低,针对这一问题,对电弧增材制造7075铝合金薄壁件进行固溶+人工时效热处理(T6态),对比研究了热处理前后微观组织与力学性能的变化。结果表明,7075铝合金沉积态试样中晶粒被网状共晶组织包围,Zn、Mg和Cu元素在晶界富集,产生元素偏析。经过T6态热处理后,大部分共晶组织溶解,元素分布的不均匀性得到明显改善。与沉积态试样相比,热处理后试样的抗拉强度与断后伸长率增加,抗拉强度从(279.4±5.3)MPa提高至(493.9±10.2)MPa,断后伸长率从3.78%±0.35%增加到9.66%±1.70%。T6态试样的拉伸断口表面密布着韧窝,断裂方式为韧性断裂。