Emergence of a Habitable Planet

We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere. It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K CO₂ atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO₂ was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate subduction were inefficient the CO₂ would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years. Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m². In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved >4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact.     

对流层特大暴雨天气对电离层变化的影响

研究气象活动对电离层变化的影响．利用时序叠加方法，通过对1958-1998年期间发生在武汉的5次特大暴雨天气事件对武汉上空电离层变化的影响进行分析，发现：(1)特大暴雨能够引起低电离层，fbEs和，f0Es参量较明显地减小；(2)特大暴雨对电离层F区寻常波描迹的最低虚高h′F和电离层等效峰高hpF的参量也有一定影响，且随着雨量的增大这种影响作用也会增加；(3)特大暴雨对电离层其他参量影响甚弱或没有影响．本文认为，特大暴雨天气事件对电离层的影响主要来自于动力过程，特别是特大暴雨激发的或相伴的大气重力波、潮汐波和行星波等长周期大尺度过程的作用．     

混杂复合材料层合板抗冲击性能研究

为了探究复合材料层合板在实际应用中因承受冲击载荷而造成的结构安全问题,本研究采用实验和仿真相结合的方法,首先探究冲头形状对复合材料层合板损伤机理的影响,然后结合不同冲击能进一步揭示层合板的承载力和能量吸收变化规律。结果表明,相同冲击能下,层合板的损伤范围和承载力随着圆锥头、半球头、平头依次增加;相应的层合板的临界穿透能量随着圆锥头、半球头、平头依次增大;冲头形状和冲击能对层合板的吸能能力有较大的影响。     

航线维修中的NFF件处理对策

对未发现故障(NFF)件产生的原因进行了分析,结合航线维修工作特点,编制了NFF件处理逻辑图,提供了系统的NFF件解决方案;在对NFF件的可靠性管理过程中引入闭环控制方法,从航线维修和部件修理两个方面入手,给出了减少NFF件的方法,对消除由NFF件造成的飞机运行不良影响、降低维修费用、提高部件修理质量有积极作用.     

Variable Structure Control of Catastrophic Course in Airdropping Heavy Cargo

The mathematical model of a transport aircraft would be subjected to a sudden change when heavy cargo is dropped off in airdropping, which exerts serious influences upon the safety of the aircraft. A variable structure controller is specially designed for handling the airdrop process. The nonlinear system is linearized by input-output feedback linearization using differential geometry theories. On this basis, an inner loop system for velocity and attitude tracking control is designed by using the exponentially approaching rule of the variable structure theory. The whole flight control system is integrated with the outer loop flight altitude control. Digital simulation evidences the applicability of the system to potentially catastrophic course in airdropping heavy cargo and provides robustness against system parameter perturbation.     

电容式多次放电点火系统设计与试验

针对某型二冲程点燃式空气辅助缸内直喷发动机燃用柴油问题,提出了实现单电容连续多次放电点火的方法,研制了直流电容式多次放电点火模块,进行了多次点火功能性验证及点火能量测试.在此基础上,进行了环境温度为6℃下的冷起动试验及3000r/min小负荷性能试验,结果表明:在该环境条件下,采用5次放电点火策略能够使发动机起动成功,在小负荷工况下,增加点火次数有利于改善缸内燃烧,点火提前角在10°~20°之间时,4次点火对发动机动力性、燃油消耗率及排放性能改善比2次点火更明显,当点火提前角提前至30°后,其改善作用逐渐减小.      

前体涡诱导双极限环摇滚流动特性的实验研究

通过摇滚/PIV/压力同步测量实验,对翼身组合体前体涡诱导的双极限环摇滚过程中流动特性及演化规律进行了系统的研究,并分析了前体涡诱导翼-身组合体双极限环摇滚的流动机理。实验结果表明,前体涡与机翼翼面流动的相互作用使模型在正负滚转相位处分别出现极限环摇滚运动;正负滚转相位过渡是模型运动惯性与气动力共同作用的结果。     

重型货物空投系统过程仿真及特性分析

建立了货物空投系统仿真计算模型,包括货台在舱内和舱外全过程的运动特性、降落伞拉直和充气过程的轨迹特性计算等,提出了伞群模拟和多吊带系统分析的新方法。结合目前已有的降落伞性能计算模型和物伞系统运动模型,对重型货物空投全过程进行了完整计算,开发了空投过程三维动画仿真软件,通过与试验数据的对比,表明本模型能很好地满足应用的需要。分析了空投速度、伞包安装位置和牵引比等因素对空投过程的影响,指出了实际系统的改进方向。     

激波风洞重模型气动力试验研究

在激波风洞上进行气动力试验时,风洞启动时巨大的冲击载荷使模型-天平受到充分的激励,从而形成惯性干扰力,并与真实气动力混杂在一起,甚至完全覆盖气动力,降低了试验精准度,使得试验模型的质量受到极大的限制。本文介绍了CARDC-dia.2米激波风洞进行大、重模型的压电天平气动力试验研究情况,包括天平设计、天平校准、惯性补偿和风洞试验等几个方面。研究结果表明:气动力试验模型质量可从过去的500g增加到8kg,模型长度可达1m。从而提高了激波风洞测力试验能力,能满足高超声速飞行器试验的需求。     

点燃式航空重油活塞发动机冷起动控制策略

针对点燃式航空重油活塞发动机低温起动困难问题,采取了空气辅助缸内直喷技术手段,开展了冷起动控制策略研究及试验验证研究,解决了-10 ℃发动机低温顺利起动问题。提取了影响冷起动的关键控制参数,并对其进行了规律研究,获得了环境温度对各参数的最优匹配结果及试验验证;定义了点燃式重油发动机的冷起动阶段,根据匹配和试验结果获得了关键参数与缸体温度的映射关系,设计了冷起动策略并进行了试验验证。结果表明:缸体温度在-10～20 ℃之间,最佳喷油提前角在上止点前50°~85°范围,最佳点火提前角为上止点前45°可以保证重油发动机平稳起动,起动时间小于3 s。