矩形镉镍电池材料的耐腐蚀性研究

参照美军军标对矩形镉镍电池常用的多种材料的耐腐蚀性进行了试验研究，结果对于同类电池的设计有一定的指导意义。     

地区公路网交通量分布仿真及规划

本文研究了地区公路网交通量分布仿真问题。通过“用户最优原理”,建立了模拟公路网上汽车交通量分布的非线性规划模型,并借助该模型研究了NT市公路网的现状、未来情况及多种建设方案实施后所引起的交通量分布的变化情况,据此提出了初步的规划方案。     

Retrieval of the change of precipitable water vapor with zenith tropospheric delay in the Chinese mainland

As a preliminary step for assessing the impact of global positioning system (GPS) refractive delay data in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, the GPS zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) are analyzed from 28 permanent GPS sites in the Chinese mainland. The objectives are to estimate the GPS ZTD and their variability in this area. The differences between radiosonde precipitable water vapor (PWV) and GPS PWV have a standard deviation of 4 mm in delay, a bias of 0.24 mm in delay, and a correlation coefficient of 0.94. The correlation between GPS ZTD and radiosonde PWV amounts to 0.89, indicating that the variety of tropospheric zenith delay can reflect the change of precipitable water vapor. The good agreement also guarantees that the information provided by GPS will benefit the NWP models. The time series of GPS ZTD, which were derived continuously from 2002 to 2004, are used to analyze the change of precipitable water vapor in Chinese mainland. It shows that the general trend of GPS ZTD is diminishing from the south-east coastland to the north-west inland, which is in accordance with the distribution of Chinese annual amount of rainfall. The temporal distribution of GPS ZTD in the Chinese mainland is that the GPS ZTD reaches maximum in summer, and it reaches minimum in winter. The long term differences between the observational data sources require further study before GPS derived data become useful for climate studies.     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料的蠕变性能

文章阐述了纤维增强树脂基复合材料中存在的蠕变现象及其研究进展,介绍并评价了现今蠕变研究主要采用的方法,最后分析了几种可能改善材料抗蠕变性能的途径。     

Detection of regolith buried water stream channels on Mars with the help of synthetic aperture radar

A major theme in the study of Mars is the search for evidence that water was present in the past or is present today, either at or below the surface. Biological life is connected to water. Hence much research is focused on the detection of water stream channels, which in the past flowed on Mars. In these areas, the petrified remains of the former life on Mars may be found. These channels may be under the regolith layer; however, the radio wave penetrating ability allows for the detection of these channels under the regolith.     

The water cycle in closed ecological systems: Perspectives from the Biosphere 2 and Laboratory Biosphere systems

To achieve sustainable, healthy closed ecological systems requires solutions to challenges of closing the water cycle – recycling wastewater/irrigation water/soil medium leachate and evaporated water and supplying water of required quality as needed for different needs within the facility. Engineering Biosphere 2, the first multi-biome closed ecological system within a total airtight footprint of 12,700 m² with a combined volume of 200,000 m³ with a total water capacity of some 6 × 10⁶ L of water was especially challenging because it included human inhabitants, their agricultural and technical systems, as well as five analogue ecosystems ranging from rainforest to desert, freshwater ecologies to saltwater systems like mangrove and mini-ocean coral reef ecosystems. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere – a small (40 m³ volume) soil-based plant growth facility with a footprint of 15 m² – is a very simplified system, but with similar challenges re salinity management and provision of water quality suitable for plant growth. In Biosphere 2, water needs included supplying potable water for people and domestic animals, irrigation water for a wide variety of food crops, and recycling and recovering soil nutrients from wastewater. In the wilderness biomes, providing adequately low salinity freshwater terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining appropriate salinity and pH in aquatic/marine ecosystems were challenges. The largest reservoirs in Biosphere 2 were the ocean/marsh with some 4 × 10⁶ L, soil with 1 to 2 × 10⁶ l, primary storage tank with 0 to 8 × 10⁵ L and storage tanks for condensate and soil leachate collection and mixing tanks with a capacity of 1.6 × 10⁵ L to supply irrigation for farm and wilderness ecosystems. Other reservoirs were far smaller – humidity in the atmosphere (2 × 10³ L), streams in the rainforest and savannah, and seasonal pools in the desert were orders of magnitude smaller (8 × 10⁴ L). Key technologies included condensation from humidity in the air handlers and from the glass space frame to produce high quality freshwater, wastewater treatment with constructed wetlands and desalination through reverse osmosis and flash evaporation were key to recycling water with appropriate quality throughout the Biosphere 2 facility. Wastewater from all human uses and the domestic animals in Biosphere 2 was treated and recycled through a series of constructed wetlands, which had hydraulic loading of 0.9–1.1 m³ day⁻¹ (240–290 gal d⁻¹). Plant production in the wetland treatment system produced 1210 kg dry weight of emergent and floating aquatic plant wetland which was used as fodder for the domestic animals while remaining nutrients/water was reused as part of the agricultural irrigation supply. There were pools of water with recycling times of days to weeks and others with far longer cycling times within Biosphere 2. By contrast, the Laboratory Biosphere with a total water reservoir of less than 500 L has far quicker cycling rapidity: for example, atmospheric residence time for water vapor was 5–20 min in the Laboratory Biosphere vs. 1–4 h in Biosphere 2, as compared with 9 days in the Earth’s biosphere. Just as in Biosphere 2, humidity in the Laboratory Biosphere amounts to a very small reservoir of water. The amount of water passing through the air in the course of a 12-h operational day is two orders of magnitude greater than the amount stored in the air. Thus, evaporation and condensation collection are vital parts of the recycle system just as in Biosphere 2. The water cycle and sustainable water recycling in closed ecological systems presents problems requiring further research – such as how to control buildup of salinity in materially closed ecosystems and effective ways to retain nutrients in optimal quantity and useable form for plant growth. These issues are common to all closed ecological systems of whatever size, including planet Earth’s biosphere and are relevant to a global environment facing increasing water shortages while maintaining water quality for human and ecosystem health. Modular biospheres offer a test bed where technical methods of resolving these problems can be tested for feasibility.     

外旋式电测粘度计的设计与计算

给出了一种通过静态电阻应变仪及外旋式粘度装置测量流体粘度的方法。由同步电动机带动外圆筒旋转剪切流体,从而将粘性力传递给内筒,内筒与圆轴相连。粘性力产生的扭矩使圆轴产生应变,在圆轴表面黏贴电阻应变片,通过合理组桥将应变显示在静态电阻应变仪上,根据应力应变关系计算出扭矩,从而计算出流体的动力粘度。     

超临界压力正癸烷在竖直圆管内的流动阻力实验

研究了加热条件下超临界压力下正癸烷在竖直细圆管内的流动阻力特性,分析了热流密度、系统压力以及进口温度对摩擦压降的影响规律。实验结果表明:当流体温度较低时,流体摩擦压降随着热流密度的升高而逐渐降低;当流体温度逐渐接近拟临界温度时,由于物性的剧烈变化,流体摩擦阻力压降随着热流密度的升高而增加。并且系统压力越低,拟临界点附近的变化就越剧烈。当流体温度高于拟临界温度时,物性变化趋于平稳,流体摩擦压降随热流密度升高而增加。基于实验结果,总结出了一种针对不同温度、不同热流密度与质量流速比值范围的摩擦阻力系数经验关系式。      

工艺参数对钛合金激光T型接头焊缝成形及剪切力的影响

文摘采用连续激光焊工艺焊接TC4/TA15激光T型接头,运用体式显微镜及拉伸试验机对接头进行测试分析,研究工艺参数对激光T型接头焊缝成形及剪切性能的影响。结果表明:在其他参数保持不变的情况下,随着激光功率在一定范围内的提高,焊接速度在一定范围内的降低,骨架熔宽及骨架熔深增加;骨架熔宽是影响激光T型接头剪切性能的决定性参数,匹配激光功率超过4.1 kW、焊接速度低于80 mm/s、离焦量为-5~+10 mm,可使骨架熔宽超过0.51 mm,接头剪切力达到14 kN以上水平。     

新型抗冲击吸能材料STG的结构和性能分析

为了减小震动冲击对人体的伤害,本文制备了一种具有缓冲作用的剪切增稠凝胶(STG),对其红外和流变性能进行了初步研究,将STG与聚氨酯泡沫(PU)结合提高泡沫的抗冲击性能,通过扫描电镜观察复合前后聚氨酯泡沫的微观形貌。结果表明:B原子顺利地引入硅氧烷链中;有明显的蠕变和剪切增稠性质;STG已经均匀的附着在泡沫泡壁上,并显著提高了聚氨酯泡沫材料的抗冲击性能,当速度达到9 m/s时,纯PU的剩余载荷约为3.6 k N,STG-PU的剩余载荷仅为1.7 k N左右,剩余载荷的减少量达到了53%。