Crop selection for advanced life support systems in the ESA MELiSSA program: Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var durum)

As part of an ESA MELiSSA investigation into advanced life support (ALS) candidate crop cultivar selection and growth requirements, the University of Guelph’s Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility (CESRF) conducted a case study on growth and development of four durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum var durum) grown hydroponically under controlled conditions in a sealed environment. Cultivars tested were Canadian developed Avonlea, Commander, Eurostar and Strongfield. There were few fundamental differences in durum quality parameters between hydroponically and field grown wheat, however yields of Eurostar and Strongfield exceeded those of field trials by 41% and 87% respectively.     

CET新题型下翻译教学模式改革研究

大学英语教学的改革浪潮极大地推动了翻译教学研究的发展。翻译能力作为翻译研究的核心概念在国内外都备受瞩目。为了促进新形式下翻译教学的更好发展,以翻译能力研究为理论支点,从整体论和系统观出发,根据非英语专业学生的认知特性,以语言、文化、交际与认知风格的多重维度为坐标,探索构建一个动态立体的翻译教学新模式。     

李萨如图在磁记忆二维定量检测中的应用

依据磁记忆二维检测原理,将磁信号法向分量存在过零点,切向分量存在最大值联合起来检测,并引入李萨如图分析法,对用法向分量和切向分量合成的类李萨如图以及将法向分量和切向分量微分后合成的李萨如图进行比较分析,得出可以利用微分后合成的李萨如图封闭区域面积的大小来判断应力集中程度及用在不同的应力集中程度下李萨如图面积数量级作为阈值的结论.从而可为利用李萨如图分析法对磁记忆二维检测进行定量分析的进一步研究提供试验分析依据.     

低温动态准双轴拉伸加载下HTPB推进剂的热老化性能

为分析热老化后三组元端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂在低温动态准双轴加载下的性能，开展了不同热加速老化时间、不同温度和应变率条件下推进剂的准双轴拉伸力学性能试验及扫描电镜(SEM)观察试验。试验结果表明：热加速老化前后，推进剂的拉伸曲线趋势、力学性能变化规律及细观损伤形式保持一致，改进型非线性模型能够更好地描述1~100 s -1 应变率范围内典型力学性能参数随热老化时间的非线性变化关系。随温度降低，老化后推进剂的断面形貌由“脱湿”变为AP颗粒断裂，热老化、低温以及高应变率载荷的叠加使得推进剂的细观损伤变得更加严重，但准双轴拉伸时损伤程度相比单轴拉伸时有所减弱。热老化32 d、74 d和98 d后-50 ℃、 14.29 s -1 加载条件下的最大伸长率分别为未老化时室温、0.40 s -1 条件下数值的28.79%、27.58%和25.63%，该参数定义可为分析长期贮存后战术导弹SRM药柱在低温点火条件下结构完整性失效的准则提供数据支持。     

Plants survive rapid decompression: Implications for bioregenerative life support

Radish (Raphanus sativus), lettuce (Latuca sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants were grown at either 98 kPa (ambient) or 33 kPa atmospheric pressure with constant 21 kPa oxygen and 0.12 kPa carbon dioxide in atmospherically closed pressure chambers. All plants were grown rockwool using recirculating hydroponics with a complete nutrient solution. At 20 days after planting, chamber pressures were pumped down as rapidly as possible, reaching 5 kPa after about 5 min and ∼1.5 kPa after about 10 min. The plants were held at 1.5 kPa for 30 min and then pressures were restored to their original settings. Temperature (22 °C) and humidity (65% RH) controls were engaged throughout the depressurization, although temperatures dropped to near 16 °C for a brief period. CO₂ and O₂ were not detectable at the low pressure, suggesting that most of the 1.5 kPa atmosphere consisted of water vapor. Following re-pressurization, plants were grown for another 7 days at the original pressures and then harvested. The lettuce, radish, and wheat plants showed no visible effects from the rapid decompression, and there were no differences in fresh or dry mass when compared to control plants maintained continuously at 33 or 98 kPa. But radish storage root fresh mass and lettuce head fresh and dry masses were less at 33 kPa compared to 98 kPa for both the controls and decompression treatment. The results suggest that plants are extremely resilient to rapid decompression, provided they do not freeze (from evaporative cooling) or desiccate. The water of the hydroponic system was below the boiling pressure during these tests and this may have protected the plants by preventing pressures from dropping below 1.5 kPa and maintaining humidity near 1.5 kPa. Further testing is needed to determine how long plants can withstand such low pressure, but the results suggest there are at least 30 min to respond to catastrophic pressure losses in a plant production chamber that might be used for life support in space.     

海洋环境与疲劳载荷联合作用下喷丸超高强度钢损伤机制

舰载机起落架结构既要遭受海洋大气、海上盐雾和海浪飞溅等严酷海洋环境的侵蚀作用,又要承受较大的弹射起飞/拦阻着舰载荷,在海洋环境与疲劳载荷联合作用下超高强度钢起落架结构承载能力显著劣化,对使用安全构成严重挑战。针对超高强度钢喷丸和未喷丸两种试验件,基于舰载机服役的海洋环境,开展了腐蚀+疲劳交替试验和预腐蚀疲劳试验研究,得到了疲劳寿命变化规律,通过粗糙度、晶粒度、显微硬度、残余应力和疲劳断口分析,揭示了喷丸对疲劳寿命增强的作用机制、腐蚀+疲劳损伤交替作用机制和预腐蚀疲劳损伤作用机制。结果表明,喷丸强化后疲劳寿命平均增幅为93.1%;对于喷丸试验件,深度约为20 μm的轻微点蚀,导致疲劳寿命衰减幅度达到30%;喷丸强化与腐蚀两者之间存在着此消彼长的竞争机制;腐蚀+疲劳交替作用损伤机制对该型超高强度钢造成的疲劳寿命衰减要比预腐蚀疲劳损伤机制严重得多,加速腐蚀试验时间相同的条件下前者疲劳寿命为后者的47%~54%。     

薄板声——超声检测信号的时频分析研究

本文以兰姆波的群速度-频厚积频散曲线为基础,采用基于短时傅立叶变换的时-频分析方法,对薄板中传播的声-超声信号进行了处理分析。对厚度为2 mm薄钢板的声-超声检测实验结果证实,在声-超声检测形式下激发的超声波的主要成分是多模式的兰姆波。与现有文献中介绍的基于时间域识别的薄板声-超声信号分析方法相比,时-频分析方法不仅可以很好地识别兰姆波模式,而且可对各模式波的能量成分进行分析。     

压电智能结构的实验研究

在复合材料表层铺设压电元件，利用压电元件能够实现力学量和电学量之间相互转化的独特性能，可将其用作传感器和驱动器，赋予材料和结构传感及动作的能力。本研究的压电材料采用锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷，基体材料采用玻璃纤维－环氧树脂复合材料，与外部信号采集和控制系统结合，构成了智能结构实验系统。本文对这一系统的损伤诊断和损伤主动控制功能进行了实验研究。该结构一方面可对冲击、过载等可能造成损伤的原因进行监测，并诊断裂缝、连接松动等损伤的产生和位置，另一方面还可自适应地驱动结构中的压电驱动器，改善结构应力状态，防止损伤的扩展。     

Gas exchange rates of potato stands for bioregenerative life support

Plants can provide a means for removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) while generating oxygen (O₂) and clean water for life support systems in space. To study this, 20 m² stands of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were grown in a large (113 m³ vol.), atmospherically closed chamber. Photosynthetic uptake of CO₂ by the stands was detected about 10 DAP (days after planting), after which photosynthetic rates rose rapidly as stand ground cover and total light interception increased. Photosynthetic rates peaked ca. 50 DAP near 45 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ under 865 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF (average photosynthetic photon flux), and near 35 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ under 655 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Short term changes in PPF caused a linear response in stand photosynthetic rates up to 1100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF, with a light compensation point of 185 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Comparisons of stand photosynthetic rates at different CO₂ concentrations showed a classic C₃ response, with saturation occurring near 1200 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ and compensation near 100 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. In one study, the photoperiod was changed from 12 h light/12 h dark to continuous light at 58 DAP. This caused a decrease in net photosynthetic rates within 48 h and eventual damage (scorching) of upper canopy leaves, suggesting the abrupt change stressed the plants and/or caused feedback effects on photosynthesis. Dark period (night) respiration rates increased during early growth as standing biomass increased and peaked near 9 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ ca. 50 DAP, after which rates declined gradually with age. Stand transpiration showed a rapid rise with canopy ground cover and peaked ca. 50 DAP near 8.9 L m⁻² d⁻¹ under 860 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF and near 6.3 L m⁻² d⁻¹ under 650 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Based on the best photosynthetic rates from these studies, approximately 25 m² of potato plants under continuous cultivation would be required to support the CO₂ removal and O₂ requirements for one person.     

一类离散系统流行病动力学模型研究

从经典的SIS流行病模型中获知很多离散的动力学模型也有相同的形式,那么选其中的一个离散的动力学模型进行分析研究。不变集为区间[0,1];有两个参数,p,θ∈[0,1]对每一个动力学现象是敏感的,且当p和θ在渐进的变化过程中,p比θ更敏感。半衰期分叉的出现,显示一个稳定的半衰期分叉或者唯一一个稳定点,原点总是一个不稳定点,数值模拟验证了结论。