Viscoelastic behaviour of pumpkin balloons

The lobes of the NASA ULDB pumpkin-shaped super-pressure balloons are made of a thin polymeric film that shows considerable time-dependent behaviour. A nonlinear viscoelastic model based on experimental measurements has been recently established for this film. This paper presents a simulation of the viscoelastic behaviour of ULDB balloons with the finite element software ABAQUS. First, the standard viscoelastic modelling capabilities available in ABAQUS are examined, but are found of limited accuracy even for the case of simple uniaxial creep tests on ULDB films. Then, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model is implemented by means of a user-defined subroutine. This approach is verified by means of biaxial creep experiments on pressurized cylinders and is found to be accurate provided that the film anisotropy is also included in the model. A preliminary set of predictions for a single lobe of a ULDB is presented at the end of the paper. It indicates that time-dependent effects in a balloon structure can lead to significant stress redistribution and large increases in the transverse strains in the lobes.     

水平表面气流剪切作用下的水膜厚度

飞机结冰表面上的液态水受气流吹拂作用会发生向后溢流,从而影响结冰区域范围及防冰系统设计;为了获得水膜流动规律,对水平平板表面上气流剪切驱动的水膜流动进行了实验测量和建模分析。通过水膜流动风洞试验台产生高速气流驱动水膜的流动,使用色散共焦位移计测量同一位置的水膜在不同时刻的厚度变化,结果表明气-液界面由底层薄水膜和多种尺度的波动组成,具有变化速度快随机性强的特点。通过水膜厚度随气流速度及水膜雷诺数的变化规律,发现平均水膜厚度与两者均呈现出单调非线性的依赖关系。基于薄水膜流动理论和平均水膜厚度实验结果,提出了高速气流剪切作用下的气-液波动界面剪切因子计算式,适用于风速17.8~52.2m/s,水膜雷诺数26~128之间的平板水膜流动计算。     

金属多层膜超晶格结构研究

用高分辨的三晶体x—射线衍射仪测量了Zr、Cu金属交替的多层膜的x—射线小角反射谱。用扩展了的Born—wolf光学模型对Zr、Cu多层膜的x—射线小角反射数据进行了定量分析。结果表明，该金属多层膜在其生长方向具有超晶格结构。在两层金属膜之间的界面上，由于内扩散，形成了界面交混层，它使x—射线小角反射所产生的高阶Bragg峰的强度减弱。由于两种金属膜的晶格不匹配，使高阶Bragg峰加宽。界面的粗糙度可用来模拟x—射线小角反射曲线的阻尼振荡效应。     

气膜孔内局部堵塞对气膜冷却特性的影响

在吹风比为0.3~1.5,堵塞比为0.1~0.5范围内,对平板上单排倾斜气膜孔内局部堵塞所引起的冷气射流流动和冷却特性变化进行了数值研究,分析了堵塞比、堵塞位置和吹风比对绝热气膜冷却效率的影响.在研究参数范围内的研究结果表明:气膜孔出口端前缘的局部堵塞有利于抑制肾形涡,对气膜孔下游的绝热气膜冷却效率有改善作用,并且随着堵塞比和吹风比的增加,对冷却效果的改善越为明显.而在气膜孔出口端尾缘或侧边的堵塞则在较大的堵塞比下削弱气膜冷却效果.相对于气膜孔出气端的局部堵塞,在气膜孔进气端和中部的堵塞对绝热气膜冷却效率的影响要微弱得多.     

肋角度对气膜冷却特性的影响

在光滑二次流通道的基础上,分析对比了两种带肋通道(135°肋和45°肋)对气膜冷却特性的影响.采用瞬态液晶测试技术获得了气膜孔下游表面传热系数比与气膜冷却效率分布.使用Fluent软件RANS数值方法对相应结构进行了数值模拟,并使用了realizable k-ε湍流模型.光滑二次流通道模型中,气膜孔内流线呈螺旋状分布,导致较大的孔内速度分离与流动损失.冷气射流分成两部分,其中一股形成一对偏斜的对转涡.135°肋结构中,二次流通道上部分的旋转涡为顺时针方向,使得气流易于流入气膜孔,气膜孔内流线呈直线分布.45°肋结构中,二次流通道上部分旋转涡为逆时针方向,增强了气膜孔内旋转涡.45°肋结构中冷气流入气膜孔之后的流动结构与光滑二次流通道结构相似.135°肋结构气膜冷却效率最大而表面传热系数比最低.     

NH－93型有机氟涂料的研究

采用国产含氟乳液为基料，研究了辅料的种类和用量，涂料的组成及工艺参数对涂膜性能的影响，提出了能获得良好涂膜的ＮＨ－９３型氟涂料的配方和成膜条件。     

TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON OXIDATION PROTECTION LIFE OF MULTI-LAYER COATING FOR C/C COMPOSITES

Carbon-carboncomposites(C/C)exhibitexcellentstructuralpropertiesabove165OC,andareconsideredasthemostpromisingcandidatematerialsforthehighthrust-weightratioturbineengines.Asakeytechnologyforthehigh-temperaturestructuralapplicationsofC/C,oxidationprotectionispaidmoreandmoreattentionrecently.TheoxidationprotectionllfeofacoatedC/Cisdeterminedbyenvironmenta1temperature,becauseitnotonlydecidesthether-mochemicalconditionsofinterfacesinacoating,butalsocontrolsthedynamicprocessofoxy-gendiffusion.The…     

Effect of wall suction on leading edge contamination

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of swept wing leading edge contamination by the turbulence emanating from the wing-wall junction. The main objective is to delay the contamination onset by applying surface suction along the attachment line. Two series of experiments are described; the first one was performed in a small wind tunnel at CERT ONERA, the second one was carried out in the F2 wind tunnel at Le Fauga Mauzac centre. Hot film measurements showed that leading edge contamination could be delayed up to very large Reynolds numbers. We also studied the behaviour of the relaminarized boundary layer downstream of the sucked region, along the span as well as in the chordwise direction.     

涡轮动叶表面换热特性的试验研究

航空发动机性能的提高对涡轮叶片耐热极限提出了更高的要求,为了更准确地分析涡轮叶片的传热特性,选取某型气冷涡轮动叶10%、50%和90%叶高的特征型面通过低导热光敏树脂材料经过3D打印而成,通过叶片表面粘贴厚度为0.02mm康铜加热膜接通恒定电流加热,使用红外热像系统精确测量叶片壁面温度,在平面叶栅中研究了吹风比(M)和雷诺数(Re)对气膜绝热冷却效率和努塞尔数(Nu)的影响(试验中基于弦长的进口雷诺数Re为8.0×10⁴-16.7×10⁴,吹风比M为1-3)。试验结果表明：M=1时气膜能够较好附着在叶片表面,叶片表面得到较好冷却;随着主流雷诺数的增加,绝热壁面温度逐渐升高,绝热效率逐渐降低;吹风比对涡轮叶片的传热特性的影响与气膜孔出流角度有关,随着吹风比的增大,压力面绝热冷却效率逐渐增大,由于吸力面的气膜孔出流角较大,吹风比增大使得吸力面的绝热冷却效率逐渐减小;随着吹风比的增加,对流换热系数增大。     

离散气膜孔下游边界层的实验研究

“Ｘ”型热线测量了离散气膜孔下游边界层内的湍流量,将热线探头绕轴转三个角方位以感受三维湍流场信息。结果表明,边界层内湍动能分布呈反“Ｓ”形,吹风比和孔排数对参数分布有重要影响,这种影响在很长距离上不消失,所以,常用的ｋ－ε模型不经修正不能正确预计这类边界层的发展。