SHAKING: Adjusted spherical harmonics adding KrigING method for near real-time ionospheric modeling with multi-GNSS observations

Precise positioning based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technique requires high accuracy ionospheric total electron content (TEC) correction models to account for the ionospheric path delay errors. We present an adjusted Spherical Harmonics Adding KrigING method (SHAKING) approach for regional ionospheric vertical TEC (VTEC) modeling in real time. In the proposed SHAKING method, the VTEC information over the sparse observation data area is extrapolated by the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic (ASH) function, and the boundary distortion in regional VTEC modeling is corrected by the stochastic VTEC estimated using Kriging interpolation. Using real-time GPS, GLONASS and BDS-2/3 data streams of the Crust Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), the SHAKING-based regional ionospheric VTEC maps are re-constructed over China and its boundary regions. Compared to GNSS VTECs derived from the independent stations, the quality of SHAKING solution improves by 13–31% and 6–33% with respect to the ASH-only solution during high and low geomagnetic periods, respectively. Compared to the inverse distance weighting (IDW) generated result, significant quality improved of SHAKING-based VTEC maps is also observed, especially over the edge areas with an improvement of 60–80%. Overall, the proposed SHAKING method exhibits notable advantage over the existing regional VTEC modeling techniques, which can be used for regional TEC modeling and associated high-precision positioning applications.     

球形收集极结构的二次电子 产额测量装置及测量方法

为了精确测量材料在不同入射电子能量和入射电子角度下的二次电子产额（secondary electron yield，SEY）以及二次电子能谱，研制了收集极为球形结构的SEY测量装置。首先介绍了装置的构成、测量原理及中和方法，并对测得的信号波形进行了分析。随后，测量了Cu材料和Al2O3薄膜材料的SEY值和二次电子能谱。结果表明：不同入射电子能量下SEY值的标准偏差分别小于0.055（Cu）和0.126（Al2O3）；不同入射电子角度下SEY值与理论模型符合的很好，拟合R2值为0998 64（Cu）；出射的二次电子能量绝大部分集中在10eV（Cu）和20eV（Al2O3）以下，符合相关理论预期。