Instability characteristics of a co-rotating wingtip vortex pair based on bi-global linear stability analysis

The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet. Then, the temporal bi-global Linear Stability Analysis (bi-global LSA) is performed on this nearly equal-strength co-rotating vortex pair, which is composed of an upper vortex (vortex-u) and a down vortex (vortex-d). The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by (ω_r, ω_i) contains two types of branches: discrete branch and continuous branch. The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch, of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane of ω_i > 0, indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable. By contrast, the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane of ω_i < 0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation. In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, Mode P_u and Mode P_d are the primary perturbation modes, which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n, respectively. Besides, the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d, and the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is also larger than that of Mode P_d. Moreover, the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56% percent in the corresponding branch, thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_u. By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_u and Mode P_d with streamwise wavenumbers, the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m = 5–6 is identified, which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u. This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.     

高超声速飞行器表面横缝旋涡结构及气动热环境数值模拟

针对高超声速飞行器表面横缝内部流动,通过求解可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,自主研发了一套能够较好模拟缝隙流动特性的CFD软件,利用该软件对横缝进行了数值模拟。研究表明,对于缝隙内黏性起主导作用的低速流动,通常需要密度足够充分的网格才能获得较好的计算结果。收敛后的壁面热流与文献实验热流吻合较好;缝隙内部旋涡个数近似与缝隙深宽比成比例,与文献中的有关结论完全一致。缝隙壁面热流分布受旋涡结构影响,会出现波浪式变化。因此,合理捕捉旋涡结构对于缝隙壁面热流的数值模拟有着重要意义,本文CFD软件对高超声速飞行器表面横缝的计算结果具有较高可信度。     

HyTRV流场特征与边界层稳定性特征分析

高超声速转捩研究飞行器（HyTRV）是为研究三维复杂外形的边界层转捩问题而设计的一款具备真实飞行器典型特征的升力体标模。为支撑更加全面系统的理论分析、数值模拟、风洞试验和飞行试验研究,采用高精度数值模拟方法、线性稳定性理论（LST）和e^N方法对HyTRV标模的典型流动特征和边界层失稳特征进行了分析。研究表明,HyTRV展现出多个相对独立的横流区域和多个流向涡结构;HyTRV的边界层存在横流失稳模态、第二模态、附着线失稳模态等常见模态。横流失稳模态出现在周向高低压区之间的横流区域,能够主导转捩发生;横流区域同时也存在第二模态,其N值普遍比横流失稳模态小;附着线失稳模态呈现出第二模态特性,且频率非常高。还研究了攻角和单位雷诺数的影响。结果表明,随着攻角增加,标模下表面中心线的流向涡结构逐渐消失,横流雷诺数逐渐减小;上表面流向涡结构逐渐从腰部移向顶端,并出现新的流向涡结构。增加攻角,所有失稳模态的N值总体上逐渐减小;增加单位雷诺数,N值显著增加。基于研究结果,针对流向涡失稳、横流失稳、第二模态和附着线失稳等给出了研究建议。     

Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.     

基于VVPM/CA耦合的旋翼非定常载荷计算

为了提高旋翼非定常载荷计算精度,将基于黏性涡粒子方法(Viscous vortex particle method,VVPM)的尾迹计算引入至旋翼综合分析(Comprehensive analysis,CA)中,建立了一个新的旋翼VVPM/CA耦合计算模型。该模型中,旋翼VVPM基于第一性原理,可模拟尾迹的畸变和扩散而不引入经验参数,而旋翼CA则可以有效地进行桨叶弹性变形及非定常载荷计算,通过采用松耦合策略,可以高效地实现两者的信息交换。在此基础上,以SA349/2直升机为算例,针对其低速和高速两种典型前飞状态进行了深入分析,计算表明,本文建立的VVPM/CA耦合分析可以有效地预测旋翼尾迹形状及非定常载荷。     

涡轮叶片尾缘内冷通道旋流冷却特性

针对简化的叶片尾缘,设计了3种旋流冷却结构,即冷气分别从旋流腔中部射流孔、旋流腔异侧射流孔、旋流腔同侧射流孔进出旋流腔,并与常规凸台扰流柱冷却结构进行了对比数值研究,分析其强化换热机理和效果.结果表明:旋流腔的结构和冷气的进流布置对旋流冷却性能的影响很大,冷气从旋流腔某侧射流孔进出的旋流冷却结构不仅在流向截面产生涡旋,在展向截面也会产生涡旋,从而有效强化对流换热;相比凸台扰流柱冷却结构,旋流冷却结构能够增强换热,平均努塞尔数增大6.8%~22.9%,但流动阻力也随之增加;冷气从旋流腔异侧射流孔进出的冷却结构强化换热能力较高;而冷气从旋流腔同侧射流孔进出的冷却结构流动换热综合系数比凸台扰流柱提高4.2%,综合性能相对较优.      

对转开式转子非定常气动干扰特性分析

采用动态面搭接技术,求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程实现对转开式转子的非定常气动数值模拟.对10片桨叶单个转子和10×10对转开式转子构型分别进行模拟,对比分析前后两个转子间的气动干扰和滑流流动干扰.结果表明:与单个转子相比,对转开式转子前转子的拉力系数和功率系数减小,后转子的拉力系数和功率系数则都增大,并在一个旋转周期内都呈现20次周期性波动.前后转子拉力系数的频谱分析显示振荡发生在桨叶通过频率的偶数倍,且在2倍时后转子拉力的振幅最大.前转子桨尖涡与后转子的周期性干扰,引起后转子桨叶力分布的变化和非定常性.与单个转子相比,前转子后滑流轴向速度偏大,周向速度偏小.后转子对滑流有二次加速及旋涡恢复作用.      

短舱对螺旋桨滑流影响的IDDES数值模拟

基于非结构重叠网格技术,对短舱与螺旋桨滑流间的相互作用进行了非定常数值模拟研究。为了更好地捕捉螺旋桨尾涡的细节信息,计算采用基于Spalart-Allmaras模型的改进延迟脱体涡模拟(IDDES)方法,并在非定常计算过程中运用网格自适应技术以提高流场特征的空间分辨率。研究结果表明:IDDES方法获得的拉力系数计算值与实验值吻合良好,短舱的存在会增大螺旋桨的拉力系数;短舱对螺旋桨桨毂涡的结构影响较大,但对桨尖涡的螺旋结构影响较小;对单独螺旋桨算例来说,桨尖涡与桨毂涡的失稳发展过程都具有周期性,且在有/无短舱情况下桨尖涡的失稳位置相同,失稳后桨尖涡之间配对融合过程一致,从而说明桨毂涡对桨尖涡的失稳没有影响。     

不同后掠角三角翼的静态地面效应数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同后掠角三角翼的静态地面效应,通过对气动力和流场特性的分析发现,随着后掠角的减小,地面对迎风面下流动的阻滞作用增强,地效导致的迎风面气动力增量也随之增大。地效导致的背风面气动力增量同样随着后掠角的减小而增大,但在不同的后掠角范围内,地效诱导背风面气动力增量的机理不同:中大后掠角下,其主要通过增强前缘涡强度诱导更大的吸力,而小后掠角下,其主要通过促进前缘涡向内扩散增大吸力范围。      

仅值班供油时斜流驻涡燃烧室出口温度分布特性研究

为深入了解和掌握仅值班供油时斜流驻涡燃烧室出口温度分布特性,开展了不同进气速度和油气比下燃烧室出口温度径向分布、不均匀性及出口温度分布系数（OTDF）和出口径向温度分布系数（RTDF）的研究,并结合凹腔内火焰形态分析了出口温度分布特性的变化原因。结果表明,不同进气速度和油气比下出口温度径向分布都呈现为中间高、两端低,温度峰值在0.6倍燃烧室出口高度位置处;不同进气速度下,高温区整体偏向燃烧室出口中心上方;不同油气比下,高温区主要靠近燃烧室出口中心;随进气速度增加,不均匀性、OTDF增大,高温区从燃烧室出口中心上方往中心偏移;随油气比增加,不均性减小,OTDF和RTDF基本都是先减小后缓慢上升,高温区从燃烧室出口中心下方偏移到中心上方;这与凹腔内燃烧情况息息相关,取决于燃油分布、后进气掺混作用、凹腔当地油气比和高温产物位置。