Present status of very high energy gamma ray observations

Recent results from observations of the southern sky objects are summarized. The unpulsed, persistent very high energy (VHE) emission from the gamma ray pulsars, the Crab and PSR1706-44, is discussed. A process of energetic electrons ejection may take place from a variety of other objects such as from X-ray binaries, similarly to the pulsars. Such an effect may be seen also in pair halos around extragalactic VHE gamma ray emitters, the observational study of which is still in a preliminary stage in the southern hemisphere.     

光线跟踪Bezier曲面

 本文提出了一种光线跟踪Bezier曲面的求交算法。该算法通过建立曲面树形存贮结构及网格面的包围盒,实现光线曲面片的相交测试;曲面片的交替二叉离散最终实现交点计算,有效的提高了相交测试效率,改善了曲面四叉、二叉离散求交特性。具有结构简单、有效性强、易于实现等特点,是光线跟踪曲面求交的一种算法。     

The structure of the solar cycle maximum phase in the galactic cosmic ray 11-year variation

Two phenomena connected with the maximum phase of the 11-year solar cycle in the galactic cosmic ray intensity – the change in the energy dependence of the intensity variations and the double-peak structure in the intensity modulation time profile – are considered for the last five solar cycles (Nos. 19–23). The distinct 22-year cycle in the magnitude of the so called energy hysteresis is observed.The periods of the solar cycle maximum phase in the galactic cosmic ray intensity, characterized by the specific energy dependence of the intensity, are estimated. It is found that the double-peak structures belonging to the solar cycle maximum phase and those around it are very similar both in the amplitude and in its energy dependence.     

基于Daubechies小波的X射线脉冲星信号降噪研究

针对X射线脉冲星弱信号埋没在强噪声中,在短时间内周期叠加的脉冲轮廓的信噪比低,影响脉冲到达时间的估计精度和效率,提出基于Daubechies小波的X射线脉冲星信号降噪的算法。在对RXTE观测数据预降噪处理和周期叠加的基础上,采用Daubechies小波算法做降噪处理,使得较短的时间内仍能获得高信噪比的脉冲轮廓。利用RXTE观测数据进行验证仿真,结果表明,该算法能有效滤除X射线脉冲星信号所包含的设备及空间环境的噪声,在保证脉冲到达时间精度的情况下,缩短了观测时间,提高X射线脉冲星导航的效率。      

基于射线模型的水声传播衰减特性

介绍了水声信号传播射线模型的理论基础,给出了水声传播衰减详细的理论推导和数学分析过程;在射线模型的基础上分析了水声信号传播的过程,并根据数学模型,实现了传播过程在matlab下的仿真。根据不同的仿真条件得到了相关的传播损失分布图,并对结果进行了分析。     

机舱内部超宽带确定性信道建模

将室内无线信道仿真中常用的几何光学和射线追踪技术,引入到对客机机舱内部的超宽带(Ultra-WideBand,UWB)信道研究当中。信道仿真的主要算法基于一种称为射线密度归一化(RayDensityNormalization,RDN)的方法。该方法使用射线密度的概念来计算每条射线对接收点处总信号强度的贡献。为了验证方法的有效性,实验构建了一个Boeing737-200客机机舱模型进行仿真。仿真将接收机设置在每个座位的顶部、扶手和底部,以研究不同水平高度信道的差别。仿真中对路径损耗和均方根(RMS)时延扩展两类大尺度信道参数进行了统计和分析,部分仿真结果与国外实测结果进行了对比。对比结果证明了仿真结果的保真度以及现有仿真工具的有效性。     

Contributions from nearby pulsars to the local cosmic ray electron spectrum

PSR J0437-4715 is one of the closest millisecond pulsars (MSPs) to Earth, lying at a distance of ∼140 pc. This pulsar has a characteristic age of 4.9 Gyr and a relatively low spindown power of ∼10³⁴ ergs/s. During its rather long lifetime, a large fraction of the energy output has been in the form of multi-TeV electrons. In this paper, we investigate the possible contribution of this nearby MSP to the local interstellar electron spectrum (LIS). The old age of the system justifies a steady-state evaluation of the contribution from this pulsar to the LIS. We calculate the electron spectrum at the light cylinder in the framework of a General Relativistic polar cap (PC) model, and use this as an injection spectrum in a diffusion model. The younger Geminga pulsar is also very close to Earth and warrants investigation. A steady-state approach is however no longer justified, so we use an impulsive injection model. We will present results of a study of the contribution from these pulsars to the cosmic ray (CR) LIS. Our calculations show that pulsars like Geminga can make a non-negligible contribution to the LIS.     

Computation of radiation environment during ground level enhancements 65, 69 and 70 at equatorial region and flight altitudes

The radiation environment in the troposphere of the Earth is governed by cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin. During major solar energetic particles events the radiation environment changes dramatically. As a results the risk of biological effects due to exposure to ionizing radiation of aircrew increases. Here we present a numerical model for computation of absorbed dose in air due to cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin. It is applied for computation of radiation environment at flight altitude in the equatorial region during several major ground level enhancements, namely GLE65 on 28 October 2003, GLE69 on 20 January 2005 and GLE70 on 13 December 2006. The model is based on a full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade. The cascade simulation is carried out with CORSIKA 6.990 code with corresponding hadron generators FLUKA 2011 and QGSJET II. The contribution of different cascade components, namely electromagnetic, hadron and muon is explicitly obtained. The spectra of arriving solar energetic particles are calculated from ground level measurements with neutron monitors and satellite data from GOES. The obtained results are discussed.     

Evolution of Dst index,cosmic rays and global temperature during solar cycles 20–23

We have studied conditions in interplanetary space, which can have an influence on galactic cosmic ray (CR) and climate change. In this connection the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters and cosmic ray variations have been compared with geomagnetic activity represented by the equatorial Dst index from the beginning 1965 to the end of 2012. Dst index is commonly used as the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere interaction characteristic. The important drivers in interplanetary medium which have effect on cosmic rays as CMEs (coronal mass ejections) and CIRs (corotating interaction regions) undergo very strong changes during their propagation to the Earth. Because of this CMEs, coronal holes and the solar spot numbers (SSN) do not adequately reflect peculiarities concerned with the solar wind arrival to 1 AU. Therefore, the geomagnetic indices have some inestimable advantage as continuous series other the irregular solar wind measurements. We have compared the yearly average variations of Dst index and the solar wind parameters with cosmic ray data from Moscow, Climax, and Haleakala neutron monitors during the solar cycles 20–23. The descending phases of these solar cycles (CSs) had the long-lasting solar wind high speed streams occurred frequently and were the primary contributors to the recurrent Dst variations. They also had effects on cosmic rays variations. We show that long-term Dst variations in these solar cycles were correlated with the cosmic ray count rate and can be used for study of CR variations. Global temperature variations in connection with evolution of Dst index and CR variations is discussed.     

流动显示中的圆管畸变及其校正

对玻璃圆管内的流场进行显示时,沿管径方向的光线成像存在畸变,使得圆管内流场显示的有效范围减小,必须进行校正才能得到圆管内流场更大的有效视场。通常采用和管壁焦距相反的柱透镜来校正管壁畸变。校正柱透镜的设计是关键,首先采用厚透镜焦距计算方法得到单侧管壁的等效焦距,校正柱透镜焦距与其值相同,符号相反。如果采用传统的平凸柱镜,进行光线追踪时效果并不理想。重新在ZEMAX光学软件中优化校正柱透镜的曲面参数和与圆管的距离,得到的结果为弯月校正柱透镜。按照参数加工圆管和校正柱透镜,采用栅格对其进行静态验证,证明了该方法的有效性,将有效视场增大到了大于80%,相比传统的外加平凸透镜方法,该方法得到的弯月柱透镜校正更加准确,并通过高速聚焦纹影给出了动态结果。该工作对于厚壁圆管内的流场显示等相关工作具有参考意义。