Ion engine grids: Function,main parameters,issues, configurations,geometries, materials and fabrication methods

Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engines. This work describes ion engine grids' main functions, parameters and issues related to thermal expansion and sputter erosion, and then introduces a review of ion optics used for significant launched and tested ion thrusters since 1970. Configurations, geometries, materials and fabrication methods are analyzed to understand when typical ion thrusters use two or three grids, what are the thicknesses and aperture sizes of the screen, accelerator and decelerator grids, why molybdenum and carbon-based materials such as pyrolytic graphite and carbon–carbon are the best available options for ion optics and what is the manufacturing method for each material.     

论英语教学中的语感培养策略与方法

随着英语教学改革的深入,语感在教学中越来越受到关注,以至成为英语教学研究的一个新焦点。通过对学生英语学习现状进行分析,提出培养学生英语语感的策略与方法。     

基于大学生形体训练必要性的探究

在现代社会中，追求人体的外在美与内在美的统一与和谐已成为人们对美的认识与评判的一个基准。对即将踏出大学校门走上工作岗位的大学生们来讲，拥有健康的体魄、健美的体型、良好的姿态以及高雅的气质和风度是他们求职、适应社会竞争、获得发展所必需具备的条件。笔者通过调查发现，当代大学生在体型、体态、仪表等方面存在着许多问题，因此，高校有必要开设形体训练课，对学生针对性地进行训练。     

Optimization of entry-vehicle shapes during conceptual design

During the conceptual design of a re-entry vehicle, the vehicle shape and geometry can be varied and its impact on performance can be evaluated. In this study, the shape optimization of two classes of vehicles has been studied: a capsule and a winged vehicle. Their aerodynamic characteristics were analyzed using local-inclination methods, automatically selected per vehicle segment. Entry trajectories down to Mach 3 were calculated assuming trimmed conditions. For the winged vehicle, which has both a body flap and elevons, a guidance algorithm to track a reference heat-rate was used. Multi-objective particle swarm optimization was used to optimize the shape using objectives related to mass, volume and range. The optimizations show a large variation in vehicle performance over the explored parameter space. Areas of very strong non-linearity are observed in the direct neighborhood of the two-dimensional Pareto fronts. This indicates the need for robust exploration of the influence of vehicle shapes on system performance during engineering trade-offs, which are performed during conceptual design. A number of important aspects of the influence of vehicle behavior on the Pareto fronts are observed and discussed. There is a nearly complete convergence to narrow-wing solutions for the winged vehicle. Also, it is found that imposing pitch-stability for the winged vehicle at all angles of attack results in vehicle shapes which require upward control surface deflections during the majority of the entry.     

项目教学法在《电视机原理与维修》中的应用

通过项目教学法，对《电视机原理与维修》这门课程进行课程改革，在改革中强调课程的理实结合，重点培养学生的基本技能，使学生具备一定的电路原理图分析能力和电路故障分析与排除能力。     

现代远程教育的媒体素材构建方法

本文阐述了媒体素材的采集及处理方法 ,对现代远程教育工程建设可提供有效的帮助     

大学英语词汇教学方法的实践与研究

这篇文章从词汇的重要性及教学实践入手，概括地总结了四种词汇记忆的有效方法，意在更好的帮助学生在短时间内迅速地扩大词汇量。     

大口径反射镜在平行光管中的安装方法

文章介绍了3种平行光管中大口径反射镜的安装方法，并通过力学分析进行比较，给出了各自的优缺点。     

大学英语精读课教学法初探

精读课的主要任务是词汇，语法和语篇，围绕这三大任务采取灵活多样的教学方法，来调动学生的学习积极性，培养自主学习能力，从而提高教学质量。     

A Class of TVD Type Combined Numerical Scheme for MHD Equations With a Survey About Numerical Methods in Solar Wind Simulations

It has been believed that three-dimensional, numerical, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modelling must play a crucial role in a seamless forecasting system. This system refers to space weather originating on the sun; propagation of disturbances through the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and thence, transmission into the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. This role comes as no surprise to numerical modelers that participate in the numerical modelling of atmospheric environments as well as the meteorological conditions at Earth. Space scientists have paid great attention to operational numerical space weather prediction models. To this purpose practical progress has been made in the past years. Here first is reviewed the progress of the numerical methods in solar wind modelling. Then, based on our discussion, a new numerical scheme of total variation diminishing (TVD) type for magnetohydrodynamic equations in spherical coordinates is proposed by taking into account convergence, stability and resolution. This new MHD model is established by solving the fluid equations of MHD system with a modified Lax-Friedrichs scheme and the magnetic induction equations with MacCormack II scheme for the purpose of developing a combined scheme of quick convergence as well as of TVD property. To verify the validation of the scheme, the propagation of one-dimensional MHD fast and slow shock problem is discussed with the numerical results conforming to the existing results obtained by the piece-wise parabolic method (PPM). Finally, some conclusions are made. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.