基于卡尔曼滤波器和遗传算法的航空发动机性能诊断

以某型涡扇发动机为研究对象,构建了基于卡尔曼滤波器和遗传算法的航空发动机性能诊断方法。卡尔曼滤波器根据发动机可测参数偏离额定特性时的变化量,对发动机性能参数进行了估计。当传感器存在测量偏差时,会使滤波器估计结果偏离真实情况。遗传算法以机载模型输出与发动机测量参数之间的误差最小为目标,通过优化计算,找出存在测量偏差的传感器,确定其偏差,并最终消除测量偏差对性能诊断的影响。     

激光推进火箭发动机吸收室的数值模拟

以轴对称非定常欧拉方程为基础，建立了激光推进火箭发动机吸收室内纯气相单组分、以激光等离子体为内热源的流场模型，用MacCormark预测－校正格式编写了模拟计算程序；并对连续波和连续脉冲两种激光输入方式的激光推进火箭发动机的内部流场分别进行了模拟计算，得出了发动机相应的内部流场的混度、压强、流线及马赫数的分布情况。对计算结果进行了分析，并讨论了单点聚焦加热方式对发动机性能的影响。为进一步的激光推进数值模拟研究奠定了基础。     

脉冲等离子体推力器火花塞的性能实验

点火回路引燃脉冲等离子体推力器的主电容放电,是推力器的关键部分之一,其性能直接影响到推力器运行的成败。实验设计了脉冲等离子体推力器的点火电路和同轴型、钩型、平行电极型三种结构的火花塞。在此基础上,获得了三种火花塞的充电电压、放电电流及点火情况。结果显示,平行电极型的点火效果最佳。最后分析了三种火花塞的点火机理,获得了较好放电性能的火花塞结构形式,为脉冲等离子体推力器的稳定运行提供了重要的依据。     

硅氧烷原子氧防护膜工艺及防护性能研究

原子氧是对低地球轨道航天器构成重要影响的空间环境因素之一,严重影响着航天器在轨的安全运行。文章重点介绍了制备工艺对六甲基二硅氧烷原子氧防护膜结构及性能的影响,分析了防护膜的聚合原理,并对其结构、成分进行了测试分析,从而获得了防护膜的工艺参数。最后对防护膜进行了原子氧辐照实验与测试,结果表明采用等离子体聚合方法制备的原子氧防护膜具有很好的耐原子氧性能。     

MPCVD法合成硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的次级发射性能

为解决电子倍增器、场发射阴极和粒子/光子探测器现有阴极材料次级发射系数低且发射不稳定的问题,对微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MicrowavePlasmaChemicalVaporDeposition,MPCVD）法结合H等离子体表面处理工艺制备的不同B₂H₆/CH₄浓度的硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的次级发射能力进行了研究。样品表面扫描电子显微镜和拉曼光谱分析结果显示,硼掺杂金刚石膜表面形貌与未掺杂的金刚石膜相似,样品表面均为高纯度的金刚石相。将置于空气中数日且未经任何表面处理的硼掺杂金刚石样品进行次级电子发射性能测试,结果显示一次电子入射能量为1keV时,得到高达18.3的二次电子发射系数。试验证实这种具有高二次电子发射系数的硼掺杂金刚石膜,暴露空气中由于表面氧化会破坏其表面的负电子亲和势,而真空中加热会使表面重新恢复负电子亲和势,这种负电子亲和势的完整保留,提高了该材料次级发射的稳定性,在器件中具有重要的应用前景。     

自动判读系统在载人航天器电测中的应用

为提高载人航天器电测的效率和准确性,文章引入自动判读系统。该系统判读知识表达可支持多种运算符和函数,知识覆盖面广;推理机的设计充分考虑了载人航天器测试的特点,数据判读准确性高,实时性好。系统目前已实现参数判读、指令判读、事件判读和指令监视等功能,在后续载人航天器电测中将发挥更重要的作用。     

超声速气流中煤油射流的等离子体点火实验

在直连式超燃实验台上开展来流马赫数为2.5,总温为1650K的液态煤油燃料点火实验.在未使用引导氢气的情况下,利用输入能量为1.5kW的电弧等离子体炬实现煤油可靠点火和稳定燃烧.研究了煤油的不同喷注位置、喷射压力对点火性能的影响.实验表明:燃料喷口距离点火凹腔为550mm,喷射压力为1.5~2.3MPa时,可成功点火,更近的喷射位置和更高的喷射压力无法点火,分析认为点火凹腔的局部混合特征是影响点火的关键因素.根据点火和火焰前传的高速摄影图,发现下游凹腔在点火初期的作用不大,但是对于稳定燃烧和火焰前传有重要作用.      

电弧放电等离子体对超声速边界层影响的数值模拟

基于电弧放电等离子体热阻塞机理,对等离子体超声速流动控制过程进行了数值模拟,研究了等离子体对边界层的影响,分析了放电区大小、温度等对其作用效果的影响。结果显示：在高温等离子体放电区的上下游近区发生了边界层分离及漩涡运动;在放电区内有两种边界层,即高温等离子体与外界低温气流之间的温度边界层和气流与壁面之间的粘性边界层;放电区内形成漩涡运动的原因有两个,即内外压差和边界层分离;上游边界层的分离点y轴坐标随温度的增大而减小;增大来流速度,放电区上游分离点y轴坐标呈先增大后减小的趋势、放电区内漩涡运动加剧、下游近区边界层分离点y轴坐标减小。     

Numerical Investigation of Flow Separation Control on a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade by Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation

To discover the characteristic of separated flows and mechanism of plasma flow control on a highly loaded compressor cascade, numerical investigation is conducted. The simulation method is validated by oil flow visualization and pressure distribution. The loss coefficients, streamline patterns, and topology structure as well as vortex structure are analyzed. Results show that the numbers of singular points increase and three pairs of additional singular points of topology structure on solid surface generate with the increase of angle of attack, and the total pressure loss increases greatly. There are several principal vortices inside the cascade passage. The pressure side leg of horse-shoe vortex coexists within a specific region together with passage vortex, but finally merges into the latter. Corner vortex exists independently and does not evolve from the suction side leg of horse-shoe vortex. One pair of radial coupling-vortex exists near blade trailing edge and becomes the main part of backflow on the suction surface. Passage vortex interacts with the concentrated shedding vortex and they evolve into a large-scale vortex rotating in the direction opposite to passage vortex. The singular points and separation lines represent the basic separation feature of cascade passage. Plasma actuation has better effect at low freestream velocity, and the relative reductions of pitch-averaged total pressure loss coefficient with different actuation layouts of five and two pairs of electrodes are up to 30.8% and 26.7% while the angle of attack is 2°. Plasma actuation changes the local topology structure, but does not change the number relation of singular points. One pair of additional singular point of topology structure generates with plasma actuation and one more reattachment line appears, both of which break the separation line on the suction surface.     

MHD Flow Control of Oblique Shock Waves Around Ramps in Low-temperature Supersonic Flows

This article is devoted to experimental study on the control of the oblique shock wave around the ramp in a low-temperature supersonic flow by means of the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flow control technique. The purpose of the experiments is to take advantage of MHD interaction to weaken the oblique shock wave strength by changing the boundary flow characteristics around the ramp. Plasma columns are generated by pulsed direct current(DC) discharge, the magnetic fields are generated by Nd-Fe-B rare-earth permanent magnets and the oblique shock waves in supersonic flow are generated by the ramp. The Lorentz body force effect of MHD interaction on the plasma-induced airflow velocity is verified through particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements. The experimental results from the supersonic wind tunnel indicate that the MHD flow control can drastically change the flow characteristics of the airflow around the ramp and decrease the ratio of the Pitot pressure after shock wave to that before it by up to 19. 66%, which leads to the decline in oblique shock wave strength. The oblique shock waves in front of the ramp move upstream by the action of the Lorentz body force. The discharge characteristics are analyzed and the MHD interaction time and consumed energy are determined with the help of the pulsed DC discharge images. The interaction parameter corresponding to the boundary layer velocity can reach 1. 3 from the momentum conservation equation. The velocity of the plasma column in the magnetic field is much faster than that in the absence of magnetic field force. The plasma can strike the neutral gas molecules to transfer momentum and accelerate the flow around the ramp.