Transformations and representations supporting spatial perspective taking

Spatial perspective taking is the ability to reason about spatial relations relative to another’s viewpoint. Here, we propose a mechanistic hypothesis that relates mental representations of one’s viewpoint to the transformations used for spatial perspective taking. We test this hypothesis using a novel behavioral paradigm that assays patterns of response time and variation in those patterns across people. The results support the hypothesis that people maintain a schematic representation of the space around their body, update that representation to take another’s perspective, and thereby to reason about the space around their body. This is a powerful computational mechanism that can support imitation, coordination of behavior, and observational learning.     

地效飞机的发展和展望

地效飞机是一种主要利用地面效应提供支承力而飞行的运载工具，在地铲的作用耳，它的升阻比比一般的飞机大，因而飞行时所消耗的推进功率小，具有更大的载重量或航程，在地效作用区域内，地效飞机的气动力不仅与迎角有关，而且与飞行高度有关，因而其飞行稳定性问题更为复杂，作为一类非线性、多变量且很难辨识的受控对象，地效飞机应采用更加复杂的控制律和信息－－控制综合系统，以最大限度地保证低高度的飞行安全和操控效率。首先介绍了地效飞机的一般特点和发展现状，然后分析和描述了该类飞行器特有的稳定性问题以及控制特点，最后展望了它的应用前景。     

双参数曲面和一般立体模型的隐线消去算法

近些年来,随着计算机图形学、计算几何和计算机辅助设计与制造技术的发展,双参数曲面和一般立体模型的隐线消去算法变得越来越重要。这是因为双参数曲面和一般立体模型能够描述更复杂的曲面模型,而非参数曲面却难以描述它们。 本文给出了双参数曲面和一般立体模型的两种隐藏线消去算法。该算法存贮量小,运行速度较快,易于加到已有的绘图程序中。本文还利用Dxy-880绘图仪给出了各种算法的实例。     

TWO NEW RECOGNITION METHODS FOR SPATIAL PLANAR POLYGONS

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国外空间微重力钟计划及其应用前景

原子钟已经发展到很高的水平,它们在空间科学试验中起着非常重要的作用。文章介绍国外已经建议和正在开展的高精度微重力钟计划,以及它们的应用前景。     

景象匹配中的几何透视校正和归一化互相关模板匹配

几何失真是使景象匹配性能下降的一个很重要的因素,基于参考图与失真实时图中四对对应点,本文采用透视变换方法,对失真实时图进行校正。对校正后的实时图,本文采用归一化互相关方法,进行模板匹配。仿真实验表明,这两种方法简单易行,校正与匹配结果精确。     

画面与基面倾角α的改变对透视结构特征引起的变化

研究了画面与基面处于不同位置时的透视体系特征。并分别对α<90°、90°<α<180°、α=90°和α=0°时的透视体系特征参量进行解析解。提出画面与基面的倾角不论是任意的还是特殊的都存在共性,表示在透视结体系特征上,即视距、视高、倾角α以及其他元素用解析公式表达都是共同的。从理论上证明了各种透视特征的变化,研究结果为掌握透视投影的变化规律,透视图的建模以及计算机快速生成透视图具有很好的应用前景。     

View makes a difference: Presenting human figures from the back or front affects mental spatial transformations of children and adults

Previous research suggested that performance in spatial judgments involving rotated human figures is poorer if these figures are presented from the front than from the back. We further investigated this effect, controlling for visible facial information in front and back view by presenting figures' faces as profile. Children's and adults' judgments were still faster and less error prone if figures were presented from the back. Moreover, reaction times indicated that participants did not mentally rotate figures in front view. Children performed overall more poorly than adults, but there were also qualitative differences suggesting that children are more susceptible to embodiment effects than adults. This study underlines that embodiment may have differential effects in spatial transformation tasks, enhancing or impairing performance.     

Why do speakers mix perspectives?

Although considerations of discourse coherence and cognitive processing suggest that communicators should adopt consistent perspectives when describing spatial scenes, in many cases they switch perspectives. Ongoing research examining cognitive costs indicates that these are small and exacted in establishing a mental model of a scene but not in retrieving information from a well-known scene. A perspective entails a point of view, a referent object, and terms of reference. These may change within a perspective, exacting cognitive costs, so that the costs of switching perspective may not be greater than the costs of maintaining the same perspective. Another project investigating perspective choice for self and other demonstrates effects of salience of referent object and ease of terms of reference. Perspective is mixed not just in verbal communications but also in pictorial ones, suggesting that at times, switching perspective is more effective than maintaining a consistent one.     

基于双圆特征的无人机着陆位置姿态视觉测量方法

提出了一种无人机自主着陆位置姿态的单目视觉测量方法,建立了机载摄像机的运动和投影模型。设计了新型双圆图案着陆平面靶标,采用双圆的8个公切点,产生21个具有透视投影不变性的特征点,并提出了在复杂背景中全自动双圆特征的图像提取新方法及标记特征点的方案,实验表明,768×576像素大小的图像,特征提取及标记耗时小于9ms。仿真试验表明,摄像机距离靶标10m左右,噪声偏差达到1.5像素时,单轴位置RMS误差小于6cm,单轴姿态RMS误差小于0.7°,所提出的算法具有很强的抗噪声能力,能够满足无人机自主着陆位置姿态实时测量的要求。