美国医疗保障体制改革评析

美国医疗保障体制处于不断改革之中。克林顿政府试图推动的改革方案的核心是引入社会保险的要素，建立一个雇主缴费型的强制性医疗计划，从而实现全民医疗保障覆盖。该方案由于受到社会各界的普遍反对而被国会否决。小布什政府主张从推广健康储蓄账户、引入联合健康计划、改革医疗责任事故相关法律制度和采用新信息技术来改革美国的医疗保障体制。其医疗改革方案注重通过制度创新来降低医疗保险费用和减少医疗费用的浪费。但改革的最终结果，尚取决于医疗储蓄账户的运行效果及其规模、病人能否具有评估医疗服务质量的能力以及改革方案能否真正、有效地控制费用上涨这几个问题的真正解决。     

最高集聚人数在航站楼功能区面积设计的应用

航站楼设计时确定各功能区面积是首要的。引入最高集聚人数这一概念，通过分析、计算、应用举例，并用实际调查的数据进行了全面细致的验证。为航站楼面积设计找出一个科学准确的设计工具，为航站楼设计者提供方便。     

深空网干涉测量数据对嫦娥五号定轨能力分析

针对嫦娥五号探测器(CE-5)开展基于深空网测量数据的定轨能力分析.首先从测量原理分析了深空网VLBI数据的误差源,然后利用CE-5的精密轨道评估了 VLBI数据的误差,最后基于实测数据与协方差分析理论,分析UXB与VLBI数据的定轨能力.结果表明:转移阶段,单独利用深空网测量数据可以获取优于1 km的转移轨道精度,标...     

芯片互联结构断裂失效的试验研究与统计分析

针对电子芯片互联结构失效机理复杂、寿命数据难以获取且缺乏具有理论依据支撑的寿命分布模型等问题,开展了基于退化试验数据的统计分析研究,并提出了2种统计建模方法。首先,搭建了电子芯片可靠性评估试验台,利用菊花链测试芯片为试验对象获取了互联结构的退化数据和寿命数据;其次,基于断裂力学理论,分析了互联结构断裂失效的失效机理,给出了BGA封装形式的电子芯片互联结构寿命分布服从两参数威布尔分布的理论依据,由此建立了基于寿命数据的电子芯片互联结构寿命分布模型;再次,利用退化量的分布建立了基于退化量数据的电子芯片互联结构寿命分布模型;最后,对2种统计建模方法进行比较分析。结果表明,基于退化量数据的寿命分布模型与基于寿命数据的寿命分布模型吻合度良好,2种分析方法在结果上具有一致性。      

科学发展观与和谐劳资关系的构建

构建和谐劳资关系必须坚持以科学发展观所倡导的“以人为本、可持续发展和统筹兼顾”作为指导思想,需要资本所有者与经营者、劳动者、政府三方的共同努力。资本所有者与经营者要充分意识到劳动和劳动力持续供给的重要性,在追求自身全面发展的同时,充分重视劳动者的各项权益,使劳动者不仅忠于职守而且在感情上与企业融为一体,通过劳资双方的合作共同为社会创造更多的物质财富。劳动者在维护企业发展大局的同时,要通过参加培训等各种方式不断提高自身的素质和在谈判中的竞争能力,并借助工会组织的力量,通过集体谈判等方式积极主动地维护自身的权益。国家要坚持统筹兼顾的原则,既不能为了维护劳动者的权益而消灭资本,也不能为了鼓励资本的发展而漠视劳动者的权益,而是通过制度建设、通过德治与法治的治国方略等来维护劳资双方的权益,化解劳资双方的矛盾和冲突。     

提升我国煤炭行业竞争力的有效途径——基于波特理论的视角

波特的国家竞争优势理论阐述了生产要素、国内需求、相关和支撑产业、企业战略结构和竞争四个要素,以及政府和机会两个辅助要素对国家竞争力的影响和它们之间的相互作用。我国是煤炭资源大国,但是在资源开发利用程度、运输条件、需求条件、产品结构、政府政策等方面还存在着很多问题,致使煤炭产业在世界市场上的竞争力不足,我们可以将波特理论应用于我国煤炭产业,从而寻求煤炭产业竞争力提升的途径,使资源优势更好地转变为竞争优势。     

CAS-1 lunar soil simulant

Lunar soil simulant is a geochemical reproduction of lunar regolith, and is needed for lunar science and engineering researches. This paper describes a new lunar soil simulant, CAS-1, prepared by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to support lunar orbiter, soft-landing mission and sample return missions of China’s Lunar Exploration Program, which is scheduled for 2004–2020. Such simulants should match the samples returned from the Moon, all collected from the lunar regolith rather than outcrops. The average mineral and chemical composition of lunar soil sample returned from the Apollo 14 mission, which landed on the Fra Mauro Formation, is chosen as the model for the CAS-1 simulant. Source material for this simulant was a low-Ti basaltic scoria dated at 1600 years from the late Quaternary volcanic area in the Changbai Mountains of northeast China. The main minerals of this rock are pyroxene, olivine, and minor plagioclase, and about 20–40% modal glass. The scoria was analyzed by XRF and found to be chemically similar to Apollo 14 lunar sample 14163. It was crushed in an impact mill with a resulting median particle size 85.9 μm, similar to Apollo soils. Bulk density, shear resistance, complex permittivity, and reflectance spectra were also similar to Apollo 14 soil. We conclude that CAS-1 is an ideal lunar soil simulant for science and engineering research of future lunar exploration program.     

基于工作过程的电视机课程教学改革实践

通过三年基于工作过程的教学改革,树立了基于工作过程系统化的教学理念、构建了以行动为导向的教学模式、以工作需求为目标的教学内容、以行业标准为依据的课程标准、以工作过程为主线的教学组织、以实际工作为场景的教学实施、以真实项目为载体的教学形式、以多元化评价为手段的教学评价。     

Broad-search algorithms for the spacecraft trajectory design of Callisto–Ganymede–Io triple flyby sequences from 2024 to 2040, Part I: Heuristic pruning of the search space

Triple flybys of the Galilean moons of Jupiter can capture a spacecraft into orbit about Jupiter or quickly adjust the Jupiter-centered orbit of an already captured spacecraft. Because Callisto does not participate in the Laplace resonance among Ganymede, Europa, and Io, triple flyby sequences involving gravity-assists of Callisto, Ganymede, and Io occur only aperiodically for limited time windows. An exhaustive search of triple-flyby trajectories over a 16-year period from 2024 to 2040 using “blind” searching would require 8,415,358 Lambert function calls to find only 127,289 possible triple flyby trajectories. Because most of these Lambert function calls would not converge to feasible solutions, it is much more efficient to prune the solution space using a heuristic algorithm and then direct a much smaller number of Lambert function calls to find feasible triple flyby solutions. The novel “Phase Angle Pruning Heuristic” is derived and used to reduce the search space by 99%.     

Sensor Optimization Selection Model Based on Testability Constraint

Sensor selection and optimization is one of the important parts in design for testability. To address the problems that the traditional sensor optimization selection model does not take the requirements of prognostics and health management especially fault prognostics for testability into account and does not consider the impacts of sensor actual attributes on fault detectability, a novel sensor optimization selection model is proposed. Firstly, a universal architecture for sensor selection and optimization is provided. Secondly, a new testability index named fault predictable rate is defined to describe fault prognostics requirements for testability. Thirdly, a sensor selection and optimization model for prognostics and health management is constructed, which takes sensor cost as objective function and the defined testability indexes as constraint conditions. Due to NP-hard property of the model, a generic algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal solution. At last, a case study is presented to demonstrate the sensor selection approach for a stable tracking servo platform. The application results and comparison analysis show the proposed model and algorithm are effective and feasible. This approach can be used to select sensors for prognostics and health management of any system.