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541.
Advances in modeling gradual solar energetic particle events 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Lario 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,36(12):2279-2288
Solar energetic particles pose one of the most serious hazards to space probes, satellites and astronauts. The most intense and largest solar energetic particle events are closely associated with fast coronal mass ejections able to drive interplanetary shock waves as they propagate through interplanetary space. The simulation of these particle events requires knowledge of how particles and shocks propagate through the interplanetary medium, and how shocks accelerate and inject particles into interplanetary space. Several models have appeared in the literature that attempt to model these energetic particle events. Each model presents its own simplifying assumptions in order to tackle the series of complex phenomena occurring during the development of such events. The accuracy of these models depends upon the approximations used to describe the physical processes involved in the events. We review the current models used to describe gradual solar energetic particle events, their advances and shortcomings, and their possible applications to space weather forecasting. 相似文献
542.
The ionic charge distributions of solar energetic particles (SEP) as observed in interplanetary space provide fundamental
information about the origin of these particles, and the acceleration and propagation processes at the Sun and in interplanetary
space. In this paper we review the measurements of ionic charge states of energetic particles in interplanetary space and
discuss their implication for our understanding of SEP sources, and acceleration and propagation processes. 相似文献
543.
We propose a new phase-mixing sweep model of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration based on dissipative properties of
kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). The energy reservoir is provided by the intermittent ∼1 Hz MHD Alfvén waves excited at the coronal
base by magnetic restructuring. These waves propagate upward along open magnetic field lines, phase-mix, and gradually develop
short wavelengths across the magnetic field. Eventually, at 1.5–4 solar radii they are transformed into KAWs. We analyze several
basic mechanisms for anisotropic energization of plasma species by KAWs and find them compatible with observations. In particular,
UVCS (onboard SOHO) observations of intense cross-field ion energization at 1.5–4 solar radii can be naturally explained by
non-adiabatic ion acceleration in the vicinity of demagnetizing KAW phases. The ion cyclotron motion is destroyed there by
electric and magnetic fields of KAWs. 相似文献
544.
Ioannis A. Daglis 《Space Science Reviews》2006,124(1-4):183-202
This chapter reviews the current understanding of ring current dynamics. The terrestrial ring current is an electric current
flowing toroidally around the Earth, centered at the equatorial plane and at altitudes of ∼10,000 to 60,000 km. Enhancements
in this current are responsible for global decreases in the Earth’s surface magnetic field, which have been used to define
geomagnetic storms. Intense geospace magnetic storms have severe effects on technological systems, such as disturbances or
even permanent damage of telecommunication and navigation satellites, telecommunication cables, and power grids. The main
carriers of the ring current are positive ions, with energies from ∼1 keV to a few hundred keV, which are trapped by the geomagnetic
field and undergo an azimuthal drift. The ring current is formed by the injection of ions originating in the solar wind and
the terrestrial ionosphere into the inner magnetosphere. The injection process involves electric fields, associated with enhanced
magnetospheric convection and/or magnetospheric substorms. The quiescent ring current is carried mainly by protons of predominantly
solar wind origin, while active processes in geospace tend to increase the abundance (both absolute and relative) of O+ ions, which are of ionospheric origin. During intense geospace magnetic storms, the O+ abundance increases dramatically. This increase has been observed to occur concurrently with the rapid intensification of
the ring current in the storm main phase and to result in O+ dominance around storm maximum. This compositional change can affect several dynamic processes, such as species-and energy-dependent
charge-exchange and wave-particle scattering loss. 相似文献
545.
546.
守恒光滑法CSA(Conservative Smoothing Approach)是解决传统SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)法稳定性问题的一种很有效的方法.研究发现在SPH法中运用所谓的守恒光滑法并不能保证系统的总物理量(质量、动量或者能量)在每个时间步均守恒,而是随着时间在理论值附近波动,对计算结果的精度有一定的影响.对此提出了守恒光滑法的修正公式,对SPH控制方程得到的各个粒子的物理量进行CSA光滑,然后运用文中提出的CSA的修正公式把对该粒子物理量的改变量加权平均给邻域内各个粒子,从而确保了SPH算法中系统的总物理量(质量、动量以及能量等)在每个时间步均守恒,而且由于减少了CSA对SPH得到的各个粒子物理量的过分光滑,从而提高了计算精度.物理意义、理论推导以及文中的算例均证明了这种修正的有效性. 相似文献
547.
K. Watanabe R.P. Lin S. Krucker R.J. Murphy G.H. Share M.J. Harris M. Gros Y. Muraki T. Sako Y. Matsubara T. Sakai S. Shibata J.F. Valds-Galicia L.X. Gonzlez A. Hurtado O. Musalem P. Miranda N. Martinic R. Ticona A. Velarde F. Kakimoto Y. Tsunesada H. Tokuno S. Ogio 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,44(7):789-793
Relativistic neutrons were observed by the neutron monitors at Mt. Chacaltaya and Mexico City and by the solar neutron telescopes at Chacaltaya and Mt. Sierra Negra in association with an X17.0 flare on 2005 September 7. The neutron signal continued for more than 20 min with high statistical significance. Intense emissions of γ-rays were also registered by INTEGRAL, and during the decay phase by RHESSI. We analyzed these data using the solar-flare magnetic-loop transport and interaction model of Hua et al. [Hua, X.-M., Kozlovsky, B., Lingenfelter, R.E. et al. Angular and energy-dependent neutron emission from solar flare magnetic loops, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 140, 563–579, 2002], and found that the model could successfully fit the data with intermediate values of loop magnetic convergence and pitch-angle scattering parameters. These results indicate that solar neutrons were produced at the same time as the γ-ray line emission and that ions were continuously accelerated at the emission site. 相似文献
548.
Z.K. Smith W.J. Murtagh 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,44(7):775-788
Predicting the occurrence of large geomagnetic storms more than an hour in advance is an important, yet difficult task. Energetic ion data show enhancements in flux that herald the approach of interplanetary shocks, usually for many hours before the shock arrival. We present a technique for predicting large geomagnetic storms (Kp 7) following the arrival of interplanetary shocks at 1 AU, using low-energy energetic ions (47–65 keV) and solar wind data measured at the L1 libration point. It is based on a study of the relationship between energetic ion enhancements (EIEs) and large geomagnetic storms by Smith et al. [Smith, Z., Murtagh, W., Smithtro, C. Relationship between solar wind low-energy energetic ion enhancements and large geomagnetic storms. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01110, 2004. doi:10.1029/ 2003JA010044] using data in the rise and maximum of solar cycle 23 (February 1998–December 2000). An excellent correlation was found between storms with Kp 7 and the peak flux of large energetic ion enhancements that almost always (93% of time in our time period) accompany the arrival of interplanetary shocks at L1. However, as there are many more large EIEs than large geomagnetic storms, other characteristics were investigated to help determine which EIEs are likely to be followed by large storms. An additional parameter, the magnitude of the post-shock total magnetic field at the L1 Lagrangian point, is introduced here. This improves the identification of the EIEs that are likely to be followed by large storms. A forecasting technique is developed and tested on the time period of the original study (the training data set). The lead times, defined as the times from the arrival of the shock to the start of the 3-h interval of maximum Kp, are also presented. They range from minutes to more than a day; the average for large storms is 7 h. These times do not include the extra warning time given when the EI flux cross the high thresholds ahead of the shock. Because the data-stream used in the original study is no longer available, we extended the original study (1998–2000) to 2001, in order to: (a) investigate EIEs in 2001; (b) present a validation of the technique on an independent data set; (c) compare the results based on the original (P1) energy channel to those of the replacement (P1′) and (d), determine new EIE thresholds for forecasting geomagnetic storms using P1′ data. The verification of this P1′ training data set is also presented, together with lead times. 相似文献
549.
550.
一种基于感知的大规模场景粒子系统绘制方法 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在分析已有的大规模场景下使用粒子系统对自然现象等模拟方法的基础上,提出了一种绘制大规模粒子系统的方法.在大规模粒子系统的绘制过程中引入基于视截体模型的感知算法对粒子进行细化并引入双重缓冲技术以及粒子动态纹理.将粒子按所属不同区域进行分层次绘制,提高了真实性和灵活性,最终解决了传统绘制方法不适用大规模粒子系统的问题.实验表明,系统的模拟效果真实,满足系统对实时性的要求,适合大规模粒子系统的绘制. 相似文献