无筒空射运载火箭重力出舱机箭耦合动力学

研究了以运输机为平台的内装式空射运载火箭重力出舱载机-火箭两体动力学。根据火箭受力条件和相对运动自由度,将其出舱运动顺次分为5个阶段。给出了各阶段过渡的力学条件,基于牛顿-欧拉法分别建立了前4个阶段的机-箭两体动力学模型。定义了火箭出舱过程可能发生危险的多种异常情况,给出了发生异常的力学或几何条件。然后对火箭出舱全程作了数值仿真。若发射初始条件合理,仿真将顺次经历前4个或3个正常阶段,直至火箭离舱。如果异常情况的条件满足,火箭出舱将发生危险,仿真失去意义,故中止,需要调整发射初始条件后进一步仿真验证。本文给出的系统动力学模型和仿真数据可为工程部门设计空射型火箭的本体参数,以及设置空射初始条件提供参考。     

空间平台发射拦截器动力学与最优脉冲拦截

研究了空间平台发射拦截器的两体耦合动力学,以及拦截器拦截目标星的最优脉冲控制问题。平台首先与目标星形成绕飞关系,保持其发射筒轴线始终瞄准目标星。接到发射指令后,拦截器从发射筒中射出,本文采用拉格朗日第二类方程建立了发射过程平台-拦截器两体动力学模型。因为两体耦合影响,平台姿态偏转,拦截器出筒时的速度已经不能瞄准目标星。通过小型火箭发动机给其施加速度脉冲,使其进入拦截轨道,保证拦截的同时,将脉冲速度最小化以节省燃料,本文将其归结为一个非线性规划问题,采用三级优化的策略来求解。在拦截飞行时间相较于平台绕飞目标星的周期是小量的条件下,可以视绕飞平均角速度为小参数,采用正则摄动方法求出非线性规划的一阶近似解,然后以此为迭代初值,寻找最优真解。最后进行了数值仿真验证。     

仿生四足六旋翼无人机自适应着陆性能分析

旋翼无人机在民用和军用领域被广泛应用,但传统撬式起落架在复杂地形下难以起降,为了扩大旋翼无人机的降落面积和应用范围,设计一种仿人腿式两级缓冲自适应起落架。通过对仿生腿的正逆运动学分析,提出一种自适应起落架姿态调整策略;建立仿生四足六旋翼无人机着陆动力学模型,基于多体动力学软件sim?center 3D 开展了着陆动力学仿真,并与传统撬式起落架进行着陆性能对比研究。结果表明：着陆腿式的两级缓冲自适应起落架及其姿态调整策略,能够使滚转角减小95.69%,过载系数降低34.06%,两级缓冲自适应起落架在面对复杂地形时具备主动调节姿态安全着陆的地形适应能力和极好的减震缓冲能力。     

考虑配平特性的超声速客机低声爆气动布局优化研究

降低声爆水平是下一代超声速运输机研制需要解决的关键问题之一。低声爆优化通常使飞行器布局向着机翼后掠角增大、机翼沿机身方向分布范围增大的趋势发展,给飞行器的配平和低速特性带来不利影响。以某超声速客机基本构型为研究对象,建立基于类别/形状函数的翼身组合体参数化建模方法;基于超声速线化理论分析外形几何参数对声爆水平的影响。在此基础上,分别针对机身轮廓、机翼平面形状以及扭转角分布对该构型进行低声爆优化和俯仰力矩特性优化,并采用CFD 方法对优化结果进行校核。结果表明：与基准构型相比,在不显著增加俯仰力矩的基础上,优化构型的阻力降低了19 cts,近场过压显著降低,地面声爆响度降低5.1 PLdB。     

Numerical Simulation of Rotor Flow Field Based on Overset Grids and Several Spatial and Temporal Discretization Schemes

A numerical method based on solutions of Euler/Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations is developed for calculating the flow field over a rotor in hover. Jameson central scheme, van Leer flux-vector splitting scheme, advection upwind splitting method (AUSM) scheme, upwind AUSM/van Leer scheme, AUSM+ scheme and AUSMDV scheme are implemented for spatial discretization, and van Albada limiter is also applied. For temporal discretization, both explicit Runge-Kutta method and implicit lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) method are attempted. Simultaneously, overset grid technique is adopted. In detail, hole-map method is utilized to identify intergrid boundary points (IGBPs). Furthermore, aimed at identification issue of donor elements, inverse-map method is implemented. Eventually, blade surface pressure distributions derived from numerical simulation are validated compared with experimental data, showing that all the schemes mentioned above have the capability to predict the rotor flow field accurately. At the same time, vorticity contours are illustrated for analysis, and other characteristics are also analyzed.     

Decision-making of Aircraft Optimum Configuration Utilizing Multidimensional Game Theory

As multi-discipline coupling and components interference often affect the aircraft configuration decision-making and analysis during conceptual design process, this article presents an approach of multidimensional game theory based on aircraft components to deal with this problem. The idea is that the configuration decision-making process is regarded as the game for different disciplines and technologies, and the aircraft components are players. The payoff function with highest total gain means that according to the game protocols and multidimensional theory, the optimal aircraft configuration within the strategy set will be chosen. The decision-making model is applied to conceptual design process of the high altitude long endurance (HALE) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on the assessment of technological risk. The obtained optimum configuration is quite consistent with the current HALE UAV development trends. Thus, taking into account the coupling and interference factors, the multidimensional gaming model based on aircraft components will be an effective analysis method in the decision-making process of aircraft optimum configuration.     

RELATIONSHIPS FOR MOTION DESCRIBED IN ANY TWO ROTATIONAL REFERENCE FRAMES

In this paper the definitions of the relative derivatives of a vector with respect to time in any reference frame by using the notation of vectrix are proposed. It is further shown that with the help of vectrix one can treat the relative derivatives more clearly and more rigorously when multiple reference frames are concerned. Very useful relationships between the first order relative derivatives described in any two reference frames are derived. Relationships for the second order relative derivatives are also presented in detail. A new concept called "rotation induced acceleration" which is caused by the rotation of two reference frames when motion is necessarily described in them is presented. The result obtained in this paper is the generalization of the acceleration theorem given in conventional theoretical mechanics.     

Structure and kinetic properties of slow-mode shocks associated with magnetic reconnection in the near-Earth magnetotail

We study the structure and kinetic properties of slow-mode shocks near the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) associated with magnetic reconnection by Cluster observation. The presence of slow-mode shocks is confirmed by traditional Rankine–Hugoniot (RH) analysis and Monte-Carlo shock fitting method. The Walén analysis, applied to the tailward flow associated with slow-mode shocks, also supports that plasma was accelerated across a Petschek-type slow-mode shock connected to the diffusion region. Back-streaming ions were observed on the shock layer, and cold ions were accelerated and heated by slow-mode shocks. In addition, whistler and electrostatic solitary waves were observed around the slow-mode shocks. These waves might be excited by the observed field-aligned electron beams near the shocks.     

可压缩流动激波装配在格心型有限体积法中的应用

发展了一种基于格心型有限体积方法(FVM)的激波装配算法。通过定义网格节点属性可以灵活调用激波装配和激波捕捉计算方法。在使用激波装配方法时,激波节点运动速度和下游运动速度通过Rankine-Hugoniot(R-H)关系式获得,同时采用非结构动网格技术描述激波的运动以及调整其他网格节点的位置。流过激波面元的通量为上游单元的基本通量,物理概念更加清晰,通量计算也更为准确。在计算过程中,网格节点属性可以发生变化,以此实现对带有拓扑变化流场的描述。数值试验表明:本文提出的计算方法不但具有较高的计算精度,同时能有效地避免由于捕捉激波而出现的数值问题。