精密复杂曲面零件多轴数控加工技术研究进展

多轴数控（CNC）加工是现代工业中的标志性加工技术,在能源、动力、国防、运载工具、航空航天等制造领域的关键零部件加工中占据着主导地位。随着这些领域中高端装备性能要求越来越高,涌现出一大批加工难度大、性能指标要求苛刻的精密复杂曲面零件,其加工已由以往单纯的形位精度要求,跃升为形位与性能指标并重的高性能加工要求,给传统的复杂曲面零件数控加工技术带来了严峻挑战。针对精密复杂曲面零件形位精度保证、加工效率提升及动态切削过程可控等关键技术问题,从多轴数控加工的高效加工路径设计、进给率规划以及加工动力学分析等方面,详细论述相关加工技术的研究现状、存在的难点和核心问题,指出可行的解决途径、突破方向和未来的发展趋势,为实现复杂曲面零件的高性能数控加工提供参考和依据。     

基于轮廓搜索的机匣铣削毛坯模型自动构建方法

针对发动机机匣零件铣削毛坯模型构建中,表面凸台回转轮廓获取困难,凸台轮廓之间以及凸台轮廓与回转体轮廓之间组合难处理,毛坯构建效率低且余量分布不均的问题,提出了基于轮廓搜索的机匣铣削毛坯模型自动构建方法。用离散的方法得到复杂形状凸台特征的回转轮廓,将凸台特征与回转体特征的回转轮廓旋转投影到草图平面,结合加工余量、车削刀具尺寸等工艺信息进行毛坯轮廓搜索,进而得到余量分布均匀且符合工艺要求的铣削毛坯。该方法对机匣回转体与表面凸台进行统一轮廓搜索,并充分考虑加工工艺,能处理具有复杂表面凸台的机匣零件,效率高、通用性好;所得毛坯余量分布均匀,减小铣削材料去除量,有助于提高铣削加工效率。     

大型翼伞的三维气动性能分析

随着回收物质量的增加和回收物可控定点回收要求的提出,大型翼伞的设计研究迫在眉睫。文章采用有限体积法求解K-epsilon二方程湍流模型下的Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,对某大型翼伞进行三维定常数值模拟,研究考虑伞衣鼓包下翼伞的气动性能,同时对翼伞单侧后缘下拉情况下(翼伞转弯过程)的气动性能进行初步分析。结果表明,翼伞的升力系数随迎角的增大而增加,达到失速迎角后缓慢降低。翼伞阻力系数在负迎角时随迎角增大而缓慢降低,而在正迎角时随迎角增大而增加。翼伞升阻比开始时随迎角增大而增加,在迎角等于8°时达到最大值后随迎角增大而逐渐降低。同时,单侧后缘下拉翼伞相比普通翼伞升力与阻力系数均有所增加,但其最大升阻比却有所减小。     

航天领域常用聚四氟乙烯性能试验研究

聚四氟乙烯因其具有优异的特性,在航天领域有着广泛的应用。文章对SFB-2、M-12、M-111、4FT-6这4种航天领域常用聚四氟乙烯材料的摩擦性能和压缩变形特性进行试验研究:50 N载荷下它们的磨损率分别为1.21×10-4、1.39×10-4、1.32×10-4、1.19×10-6 mm3/(N·m);而13.7 MPa压缩载荷作用下的压缩变形量依次为7.0%、6.1%、3.3%、3.3%。表明不同厂家、不同牌号聚四氟乙烯的摩擦性能和压缩变形特性存在显著差异,在进行产品设计、材料选型时必须因材施用。     

A novel method for solving shortest tool length based on compressing 3D check surfaces relative to tool postures

Solving the shortest tool length quickly under a known tool trajectory in multi-axis machining of complex channel parts is an urgent problem in industrial production. To solve this problem, a novel and efficient method is proposed which is featured by extracting only a few necessary curves from the check surface instead of sampling the entire surface. By rotating and compressing the 3D check surface relative to all tool postures, the boundaries of the area occupied by the 2D compressed surfaces are the essential elements for determining the shortest tool length. A tracking-based numerical algorithm is introduced to efficiently solve the silhouette curves which are formed in compressing. To define the multi-taper shaped tool holding system (THS) which is commonly used in production, a characterization model for THS profile is established. A model for solving the shortest tool length is finally constructed based on the critical interference relationship between the THS profile and all compressed boundary curves. For acceleration, the boundary splines are segmented according to their knot vectors. Then a new concept called the axis-aligned tool length box (AATB) is introduced, which can provide a conservative range of tool length for a spline segment. By scanning the AATBs of all spline segments, the very few effective spline segments that may ultimately determine the shortest tool length are filtered out. This acceleration method makes the solution for the shortest tool length more focused and efficient. The results of experimental examples are also reported to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.     

星载大型平板缝隙天线结构设计及热变形分析

以空间应用需求日益广泛的大型平板缝隙天线为研究对象, 介绍了其结构组成. 为减小天线热变形, 对天线外侧4个安装角的连接方式做了改进设计, 并在极高温和极低温两种工况下进行热变形分析, 得到改进前后两个方案的变形结果. 在极高温工况下, 天线阵面Y向热变形均方根值从改进前的0.52 mm减小到0.3 mm; 在极低温工况下, 天线阵面热变形均方根值从改进前的0.35 mm减小到0.1 mm. 结果表明改进后的方案满足设计要求, 从而确保了天线在轨电性能的指标.      

螺旋孔电解加工多物理场耦合机理研究

基于建立的三维多相流模型及间接耦合多物理模型(热电耦合和热流耦合),以螺旋孔电解加工为研究对象,对电解加工间隙中的电场、流场、温度场进行分析,掌握间隙参数变化规律,包括间隙电解液的流速与温度、间隙氢气气泡率分布、材料表面电流密度分布等。进而对影响材料去除的主要因素——电导率进行研究,确定了电导率在整个加工间隙内的变化规律及其对材料去除的影响,并提出了增加电解液出口背压以改善工件材料去除的一致性。最后,在搭建的实验平台上进行螺旋孔电解加工实验,验证了所提方法的正确性。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料的吸湿性和湿变形

阐述了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的吸湿与湿变形机理及其影响因素,从环境、材料和工艺3个方面,总结了环境温度、相对湿度、纤维、树脂基体、纤维-基体界面以及铺层方式对复合材料吸湿性与湿变形的影响,并提出了降低纤维增强树脂基复合材料吸湿率与湿变形的途径。     

Shape Modification by Beam Model in FEM

Shape modification and deformation play an important role in the filed of geometry modeling, computer graphics, conceptual design and so on. A novel physically based shape modification approach is presented in this article, with beam model in finite element method (FEM). By means of interactively creating a beam with circle cross section based on pre-defined local coordinate system, the primitive geometry model is embedded in the beam globally or locally. After imposing external loads, such as concentrated force or couple, on selected nodes, their displacement can be computed. Moreover, deflection, axial deformation and twist angle of beam model can also be interpolated using shape function matrix. As a result, object is modified as a part of beam. The proposed approach is linear, simple and fast, by which stretch, bending, taping and twist deformation can be accomplished. Finally, some experimental results are given to demonstrate that the presented method is potentially useful in geometry modeling and shape design.     

飞机结构件自动编程中转角构建方法及算法

针对飞机结构件转角数控（NC）加工编程效率低、工作量大、质量不稳定等问题,提出一种基于转角面的自动扩展技术,并结合工艺知识建立加工模型,为实现转角数控加工自动编程技术奠定了基础。首先定义了转角、转角面、转角加工模型及转角加工干涉域等概念;然后给出了自动扩展、侧转面与切元计算、干涉域构建等技术,实现转角加工模型的构建;最后,基于以上研究开发了转角数控加工自动编程系统,并初步应用于某型号飞机结构件的生产,应用结果表明,该技术显著提高了转角数控加工编程的效率和质量,降低了编程工作量。