Experimental Study on Emission Performance of an LPP/TVC

A key issue in the commercial aircraft engine design is environmental acceptability, and designers are continually challenged to reduce emissions. In this paper, an experimental investigation is performed to evaluate the emission performance of a liquid-fueled trapped vortex combustor (TVC) under lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) mode. When operating as an LPP system, a TVC is fueled both in the cavities and in the main stream. The correlations between the emission performance and the total excess air ratio, the positions (4 positions) of the fuel injectors in the main stream, and the inlet temperature are obtained. Experi- mental results show that both the volume concentrations of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and NOx (NO, NO2 usually grouped together as NOx) increase with the increase of total excess air ratio from 1.5 to 3.0; the emission performance relies heavily on the position of the main stream injector, and the best performance is achieved at Position 4 in the experiments; the increase of the inlet temperature impacts on the emission performance positively; the smallest volume concentrations of UHC and NOx obtained in the experiment are 94×10 6 and 2.3×10 6 respectively. This paper validates the feasibility of low emissions for an LPP/TVC and provides a reference for further optimization of TVCs.     

超低温用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的性能研究

根据低温液氧贮箱的缠绕工艺与特殊使用环境要求,分别针对3种自制的环氧树脂体系进行系统的工艺特性与低温抗裂纹性能研究。在此基础上以T700纤维复合材料为研究对象,详细考察其在超低温和高低温循环条件下的力学性能稳定性,并对其液氧相容性进行测试。最终以小型碳纤维复合材料筒体进行综合性能验证。研究结果表明,SFC-3环氧树脂具有较好的缠绕工艺特性,且在超低温和高低温交变条件下具有优异的抗裂纹特性。T700/SFC-3环氧复合材料分别经过高低温交变和超低温处理后,拉伸性能保留率在92%以上,且该复合材料具有良好的液氧相容性。T700/SFC-3环氧树脂复合材料筒体具有极好的耐高低温稳定性和气密性。     

液浮惯性仪表温度场的仿真分析

液浮惯性仪表精度跟温度场有关联,温度分布不均匀和温度波动都会对仪表精度产生影响,因此研究液浮惯性仪表内部的温度场分布尤为重要。利用有限元方法对液浮惯性仪表进行温度场仿真计算,根据仪表的结构特点合理的设置了测温点,通过试验的方法提取了特征点的温度值,验证了仿真结果的正确性,为液浮惯性仪表的热设计提供了基础参数。     

Modeling and control for cooperative transport of a slung fluid container using quadrotors

In this paper, dynamic modeling and control problem for transfer of a sloshing liquid container suspended through rigid massless links from a team of quadrotors are investigated. By the proposed solution, pose of the slung container and fluid sloshing modes are stabilized appropriately. Dynamics of the container-liquid-quadrotors system is modeled by Euler-Lagrange method. Fluid slosh dynamics is included using multi-mass-spring model. According to derived model, a proper control law is designed for a system with three or more quadrotors. Implementing the proposed control law, quadrotors can control pose of the container, directions of the links and liquid sloshing modes simultaneously. Stability of closed loop system of tracking errors and sloshing modes are demonstrated using a theory of singularly perturbed systems and Lyapunov stability theorem. Also, the capability of the proposed feedback control laws in solving a formerly organized transport problem of a liquid filled container has been demonstrated in simulations. Moreover, priority of the proposed control scheme to an existing slung load controller in the literature is demonstrated.     

煤油液滴高压蒸发特性

采用真实流体模型描述高压下流体热物理性质的非理想性,并采用状态方程（EoS）法计算多组分高压气-液相平衡及环境气体溶解性,在此基础上建立包含亚临界和超临界两种不同机制的瞬态液滴高压蒸发模型。针对中国新一代高压补燃液氧/煤油发动机,详细研究了煤油液滴在超临界环境下的高压蒸发特性及各因素影响机理。结果表明：高压环境会显著加快液滴温升速率,但弱超临界环境下仍然为相平衡控制的亚临界蒸发状态;只有强超临界环境下才较容易发生扩散控制的超临界蒸发状态。在高压、高温环境下,忽略气相溶解性将导致液滴蒸发速率明显偏小。针对弱超临界环境,温度升高会使液滴蒸发速率单调增加;压力升高则在低温下降低蒸发速率,而在高温下加快蒸发速率。针对强超临界环境,温度升高只提升初始亚临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,而超临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率与环境温度无关;压力升高则同样会提升初始亚临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,但会降低超临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,此时的总蒸发寿命随压力升高小幅下降。     

液体推进燃料着火特性影响因子与活化能分析

采用反射激波管实验台,对液体推进燃料RP-3着火特性进行了实验研究,并分析了燃料的表观活化能。采用了最大OH-光谱斜率倒推法确定着火终点,判定得到了液体推进燃料的着火特性,并对不同燃料体积分数下的着火延迟进行了归一化处理。结果表明:推进燃料的表观活化能差异不大,约为154～171kJ/mol;对各参数影响因子进行分析,着火延迟时间与当量比成正比关系,与燃料体积分数和混合气压力成反比关系;与JP-10比较发现,着火特性数据受燃料体积分数、当量比的影响因子几乎相等。      

液体推进剂热稳定性研究方法探讨

为研究液体推进剂的热分解特性,利用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和绝热加速量热仪（ARC）,对自行研制的3种液体推进剂进行了热分解过程研究,并对其热稳定性进行了探讨.分析了DSC和ARC两种方法在研究液体推进剂热分解方面的优劣性.     

Self-perspiration garment for extravehicular activity improves skin cooling effects without raising humidity

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.     

液态水相变发散冷却的实验

以液态水为冷却介质,采用高温合金粉末烧结多孔材料制造平板实验件,实验研究了具有液态水相变的发散冷却特性.用远红外热像系统记录实验平板热端表面温度分布,通过热电偶及压力传感器监控冷却腔内温度和压力变化,从而分析液态水的相变过程.实验表明:随着液态水注入率的增大,平均冷却效率不断提高;当液态水在暴露于高温主流的平板表面发生气液相变时,平均冷却效率趋于稳定且不再大幅上升;主流温度与液态水注入率决定了液态水的相变位置,并对冷却腔内压力变化产生影响.      

热色液晶标定和使用的影响因素

在全面地分析热色液晶测量方法的基础上,实验研究了热色液晶标定和使用的主要影响因素.保持频闪和相机的相对位置以及两者距拍摄窗口的距离一致,在同一色调值下,拍摄方式(无/有拍摄窗口)、有机玻璃拍摄窗厚度、热力方向(加热/冷却)和热色液晶老化分别产生最大约0.5℃,0.2℃,0.26℃和1.2℃的温度差异.转静间隙不影响热色液晶的显色特性.温度与色调的关系主要与频闪仪的发光介质有关.