Unusual nighttime impulsive foF2 enhancements at low latitudes: Phenomenology and possible explanations

This paper is focused on unusual nighttime impulsive electron density enhancements that are rarely observed at low latitudes on a wide region of South America, under quiet and medium/high geomagnetic conditions. The phenomenon under investigation is very peculiar because besides being of brief duration, it is characterized by a pronounced compression of the ionosphere. The phenomenon was studied and analyzed using both the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and the virtual height of the base of the F region (h′F) values recorded at five ionospheric stations widely distributed in space, namely: Jicamarca (−12.0°, −76.8°, magnetic latitude −2.0°), Peru; Sao Luis (−2.6°, −44.2°, magnetic latitude +6.2°), Cachoeira Paulista (−22.4°, −44.6°, magnetic latitude −13.4°), and São José dos Campos (−23.2°, −45.9°, magnetic latitude −14.1°), Brazil; Tucumán (−26.9°, −65.4°, magnetic latitude −16.8°), Argentina. In a more restricted region over Tucumán, the phenomenon was also investigated by the total electron content (TEC) maps computed by using measurements from 12 GPS receivers. A detailed analysis of isoheight ionosonde plots suggests that traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) caused by gravity wave (GW) propagation could play a significant role in causing the phenomenon both for quiet and for medium/high geomagnetic activity; in the latter case however a recharging of the fountain effect, due to electric fields penetrating from the magnetosphere, joins the TID propagation and plays an as much significant role in causing impulsive electron density enhancements.     

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

Forbush decreases and solar events seen in the 10–20 GeV energy range by the Karlsruhe Muon Telescope

Since 1993, a muon telescope located at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe Muon Telescope) has been recording the flux of single muons mostly originating from primary cosmic-ray protons with dominant energies in the 10–20 GeV range. The data are used to investigate the influence of solar effects on the flux of cosmic rays measured at Earth. Non-periodic events like Forbush decreases and ground level enhancements are detected in the registered muon flux. A selection of recent events will be presented and compared to data from the Jungfraujoch neutron monitor. The data of the Karlsruhe Muon Telescope help to extend the knowledge about Forbush decreases and ground level enhancements to energies beyond the neutron monitor regime.     

Enhancing the efectiveness of film cooling

Advanced gas turbine stages are designed to operate at increasingly higher inlet temperatures to increase thermal efficiency and specific power output.To maintain durability and reasonable life,film cooling is needed in addition to internal cooling,especially for the first stage.Film cooling lowers material temperature by forced convection inside film-cooling holes and by forming a layer of coolant about component surfaces to insulate them from the hot gases.Unfortunately,each cooling jet forms a pair of counter-rotating vortices that entrains hot gas and causes the film-cooling jet to lift off from the surface that it is intended to protect.This paper gives an overview of efforts to enhance the effectiveness of film-cooling.This paper also describes two new design concepts.One design concept seeks to minimize the entrainment of hot gases underneath of film-cooling jets by using flow-aligned blockers.The other design concept shifts the interaction between the approaching hot gas and the cooling jet to occur further above the surface by using an upstream ramp.For both design concepts,computational fluid dynamics results are presented to examine their usefulness in enhancing film-cooling effectiveness.      

高超声速轴对称流道冷流特征及气动力特性研究

对一种轴对称形式的高超声速飞行器全流道开展了风洞实验和数值模拟研究, 分析了不同来流总压、飞行攻角全流道的流场结构和气动力特性.研究结果表明:(1)一定范围内雷诺数的变化对全流道的流动结构和模型的气动力特性无显著影响, 因此所获得的风洞实验结果有望通过某种形式推广到飞行状态下使用;(2)飞行攻角对全流道的流动结构和升力系数有着显著影响, 但阻力系数的影响并不明显;(3)研究范围内来流马赫数的变化对全流道的流动结构有着一定影响, 但研究范围内, 阻力系数随马赫数的变化幅度较小;(4)由于轴对称流道的浸润面积较大, 研究范围内该类飞行器的摩擦阻力在全机阻力中占据了较大的比重, 设计状态下达全机气动力的62%;(5)与实验结果的对照表明, 所采用的数值模拟方法具有较高的精度.      

微型扑翼飞行器的升力风洞试验

针对微型扑翼飞行器在专门的低雷诺数试验风洞中进行了扑翼的升力风洞试验, 测试出了微型扑翼飞行器在正常飞行以及向上爬升状态时的升力特性曲线, 并且探讨了扑翼频率、飞行速度以及扑翼的迎角对扑翼飞行升力的影响, 在此基础上, 还分析了扑翼升力的组成部分以及相互关系.实验结果为微型扑翼飞行器总体、气动的进一步设计提供了依据.      

Gurney襟翼增升技术在三翼面布局飞机模型上应用的实验研究

在低速风洞进行了Gurney襟翼对三翼面布局飞机模型增升特性的全机验证实验研究,结果表明Gurney襟翼可显著提高飞机失速前的升力系数,特别是高度为1%c的三角型Gurney襟翼在迎角为2°和4°(巡航状态)时可分别使升力系数提高81.6%和37.4%,而相应的升阻比提高41%和8.2%.在起飞状态8°时,升力系数可提高15%.此外,实验进一步证实影响Gurney襟翼增升效果的主要参数是有效高度,有效高度相同的Gurney襟翼对布局的增升特性是相当的.     

基于虚拟铰链打开机构的舱门提升机构研究

介绍了民用飞机半堵塞式舱门常用的虚拟铰链打开机构,分析了其工作原理及优缺点。阐述了基于虚拟铰链打开机构的舱门提升机构两种典型方案,包含机构运动原理分析、舱门提升位置锁定方式等内容。在此基础上,给出了一种舱门提升打开联动机构方案,分析了该机构相对典型方案的主要优势,为半堵塞式翻转舱门的打开机构和提升机构设计提供了参考。     

大迎角下两段式翼型后翼作俯仰拍动的实验研究

通过氢气泡流动显示和PIV流场测量研究了大迎角下两段式翼型后翼作俯仰拍动时的流场结构及其演化.实验在北航1.0m×1.2m水槽中进行,基于翼型弦长的实验雷诺数为9000.实验结果显示:在大迎角情况下,当翼型静止时,前缘产生的分离涡会远离背风面向下游脱落,背风面上方会形成大范围的分离区;而当翼型前翼保持不动,后翼进行简谐拍动时,前缘产生的分离涡将靠近背风面向下游运动,背风面上方原有的大范围分离区将显著缩小甚至消失,这意味着可能增升和改善升阻比.此外,本文对后翼拍动的频率和振幅的影响也进行了较为详细的讨论.     

乙烯超声速燃烧室悬臂斜坡喷注器射流数值分析

超声速燃烧室中燃料的掺混强化问题越来越受到各国的重视,为了研究超声速燃烧室中悬臂斜坡低动压喷射的流动特性,通过数值模拟方法研究悬臂斜坡喷注器对乙烯射流的作用规律,对比分析有无悬臂、有无后掠以及不同悬臂构型对流场的影响.结果表明:相对于传统斜坡结构,悬臂斜坡结构可使流场远场掺混效果得到明显改善,穿透深度增加;后掠结构能有效增强流场流向涡,从而达到掺混增强的效果,但同时带来更大的总压损失;三角悬臂斜坡结构相比于后掠悬臂斜坡结构对流向涡增强效果不明显,掺混效果弱于后掠悬臂斜坡结构,但总压损失较小;两种后掠悬臂斜坡结构的流场特性差异不明显.