吸气式高超声速机体/推进一体化飞行器数值和试验研究

发展吸气式高超声速技术是实现可持续高超声速飞行(尤其是在大气层以内)的重要途径.吸气式高超声速飞行器为了获得良好的气动-推进性能,必须采用机体/推进一体化设计.笔者发展了针对一体化飞行器的气动力和推进力的划分体系和计算方法,发展了内外流数值计算软件.研究了机体/推进一体化设计的平头形高超声速飞行器在进气道关闭条件下的气动性能,并进行了试验验证;数值研究了进气道打开和发动机工作条件下一体化飞行器的气动-推进性能;研究了机体和推进系统的不同部件对飞行器气动-推进性能的贡献.     

Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle’s flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of “INVENT” to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang’e-3 and to be used in Chang’e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.     

高压燃气涡轮径向内冷叶片气热耦合的数值分析

采用气热耦合方法对采用径向内冷方式的MarkⅡ型跨声速高压燃气涡轮金属导叶进行数值模拟,通过分析叶片通道内的传热和流动过程发现叶片表面附面层内流动非常复杂,包含层流流动、转捩和湍流流动状态,所以只有使用转捩模型计算的叶片附面层内流动与实际情况相符,叶片壁面温度和换热系数分布与实验结果吻合的较好,使用其他湍流模型由于不能准确描述附面层内流动而使得计算结果误差相对较大,但是所有的湍流模型都能很好的模拟附面层以外流动.      

一种简化算法的航空发动机全状态数学模型

通过一种简化的燃气空间模型对某型双转子混排加力涡扇发动机各部件进行了建模和仿真计算,并给出了详细的计算流程以及数学公式.在仿真过程中结合实际工程应用经验,对涡轮处采用一个局部的小循环迭代以减小涡轮部件内燃气空间计算的时间步长,提高计算精度.与其他数值方法相比,该简化算法避免了求解非线性方程组时大范围的循环迭代,提高了全状态数学模型的计算速度.通过仿真结果与发动机实际试车数据的对比,证明该方法有足够的计算精度.      

偏转弹头导弹的动力学建模方法研究

 偏转弹头是一种新的导弹操纵方式,动力学建模是对其研究的基础。偏转弹头导弹可以看成由弹头和弹体组成的多体系统,应用多体建模方法Schiehlen法建立系统的动力学模型。首先把弹头和弹体的运动状态用广义坐标表示,弹头的绝对运动由相对运动原理得到,根据牛顿 欧拉动力学方程分别写出弹头和弹体的质心移动方程和绕质心的转动方程,再运用达朗伯原理的理想约束性质消去方程中包含的约束力,同时方程的数目也减少到与系统的自由度数相同,从而得到维数与系统自由度数相同的二阶标量微分方程组。最后仿真验证模型,并分析得到偏转弹头导弹的一些特点,即偏转弹头导弹具有控制效率高,机动过载大,响应速度快等优点,是一种有效的快速响应控制方式。研究表明对于像偏转弹头导弹这类刚体数目少、但自由度数目较多的多体系统,其动力学建模适合使用Schiehlen法。     

金属橡胶减振器用于发动机安装减振的研究

 为减小发动机传递至飞机机身结构的振动,设计了金属橡胶减振器用于航空发动机安装。对该金属橡胶减振器进行了动力学建模研究,采用有限元技术对安装减振器前后的飞机全机结构进行了仿真分析,初步表明了该设计对结构频率影响较小,但能引入较大阻尼,降低响应水平。在理论分析基础上,进一步将设计制造的金属橡胶减振器安装于某型飞机,进行地面开车,实测了应用减振安装前后飞机的动力学响应。结果证明了发动机减振安装的可行性与有效性。     

Nonlinear Dynamics Behaviors of a Rotor Roller Bearing System with Radial Clearances and Waviness Considered

A rotor system supported by roller beatings displays very complicated nonlinear behaviors due to nonlinear Hertzian contact forces, radial clearances and bearing waviness. This paper presents nonlinear bearing forces of a roller bearing under four-dimensional loads and establishes 4-DOF dynamics equations of a rotor roller bearing system. The methods of Newmark-β and of Newton-Laphson are used to solve the nonlinear equations. The dynamics behaviors of a rigid rotor system are studied through the bifurcation, the Poincar è maps, the spectrum diagrams and the axis orbit of responses of the system. The results show that the system is liable to undergo instability caused by the quasi-periodic bifurcation, the periodic-doubling bifurcation and chaos routes as the rotational speed increases. Clearances, outer race waviness, inner race waviness, roller waviness, damping, radial forces and unbalanced forces-all these bring a significant influence to bear on the system stability. As the clearance increases, the dynamics behaviors become complicated with the number and the scale of instable regions becoming larger. The vibration frequencies induced by the roller bearing waviness and the orders of the waviness might cause severe vibrations. The system is able to eliminate non-periodic vibration by reasonable choice and optimization of the parameters.     

Morphology and Frictional Characteristics Under Electrical Currents of Al203/Cu Composites Prepared by Internal Oxidation

Two AhO3/Cu composites containing 0.24 wt.% A1203 and 0.60 wt.% A1203 separately are prepared by internal oxidation.Effectsof sliding speed and pressure on the fi-ictional characteristics of the composites and copper against brass are investigated and compared.The changes in morphology of the sliding surface and subsurface are examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS).The results show that the wear resistance of the AI203/Cu composites is superior to that of copperunder the same conditions.Under a given electrical current,the wear rate of AI203/Cu composites decreases as the AleO3-content increases.However,the wear rates of the Al203/Cu composites and copper increase as the sliding speed and pressure increase under drysliding condition.The main wear mechanisms for AleO3/Cu composites are of abrasion and adhesion;for copper,it is adhesion,although wear by oxidation and electrical erosion can also be observed as the speed and pressure rise.     

Time suboptimal formation flying manoeuvres through improved magnetic charged system search

The development of fast and reliable optimization algorithms is required in order to obtain real-time optimal trajectory on-board spacecraft. In addition, the wide spread of small satellites, due to their low costs, is leading to a greater number of satellite formations in space. This paper presents an Improved version of the Magnetic Charged System Search (IMCSS) metaheuristic algorithm to compute time-suboptimal manoeuvres for satellite formation flying. The proposed algorithm exploits some strategies aimed at improving the convergence to the optimum, such as the chaotic local search and the boundary handling technique, and it is able to self-tune its internal parameters and coefficients. Moreover, the inverse dynamics technique and the differential flatness approach, through the B-splines curves, are used to approximate the trajectory. The optimization procedure is applied to the circular J2 relative model developed by Schweighart and Sedwick and to the elliptical relative motion model developed by Yamanaka and Ankersen. The results of this paper show that the convergence is better achieved by using the proposed tools, thus proving the efficiency and reliability of the algorithm in solving some space engineering problems.     

Multiple hierarchy risk assessment with hybrid model for safety enhancing of unmanned subscale BWB demonstrator flight test

To explore the low-speed characteristics of the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) configuration for future civil aircraft, a series of unmanned subscale demonstrators have been developed and tested by our research team. During this process, specific safety risks deriving from uncertain design features, system unreliability, and insufficient personnel experience caused continuous flight test mishaps and the risk mechanism was not clear. Local and trial-and-error learning driven safety improvements took few effects on mishap prevention, so our focus was turned to look for systematic safety strategies. This paper establishes a systems theory based hybrid model to integrate the physical system reliability analysis techniques with the system dynamics method for illustrating the multiple risk interactions of the demonstrator flight test involving organizational, human resource and technical system factors. Using the prior BB-5 demonstrator as a case, the hybrid model simulation represents its historical risk evolution process, which verifies the model rationality. Derived risk control strategies reduced the mishap rate of a new demonstrator called BB-6 Sprit. The paper also shows the extended hybrid model can be applied on safety management of unmanned aerial vehicles from the initial period of vehicle development.