飞行器共形天线新型制造工艺及应用研究进展

共形天线具有小型化、低剖面、大孔径等特点,是未来天线重点发展趋势之一,以气动一体化天线、超宽带窄波束天线为代表的共形天线成为目前飞行器天线领域的研究热点。当前共形天线的制作工艺主要包括打印、转印、激光加工等,采用合适的工艺能够实现天线的大面积共形制造。讨论了共形天线在不同飞行器载体上的优势,如打印制作的低剖面机载天线可实现战机的气动隐身一体化需求,也可满足弹载天线小型超宽带需求,柔性天线可应用于星载充气可展开天线等。在此基础上对当前共形天线存在的关键技术问题进行了阐述,并对共形天线在航空航天领域的未来发展做出了展望。     

Thermal performance of a 3D printed lattice-structure heat sink packaging phase change material

Thermal storage technology is becoming more and more significant with the increase of high-power equipment in space applications. In this paper, 3D printing technology and Phase Change Material (PCM) were combined into a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system, which could fulfill the requirements of light weight and high thermal conductivity. A 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate with N-tetradecane as the PCM and aluminum alloy as the thermal conductivity enhancer was manufactured, and experimentally tested in a thermal vacuum chamber. In addition, a simplified simulation model of the lattice cell was established to clearly analyze the heat transfer process of the TES plate. The effects of initial temperature distribution and heat load gradient on the thermal storage performances were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The equivalent thermal conductivity of the 3D-printed lattice-structure TES plate turns out to be 13 times of the pure PCM thanks to the aluminum skeleton. The heat transfer enhancement appears at the end of the phase change stage due to the sudden mixture of the PCM with different temperature. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The equivalent thermal conductivity obtained by the phase change simulations are a little higher than those of the experiments, which is mainly caused by the initial uneven temperature distribution in the tests. Additionally, the effects of non-uniform heat load and the presence of the PCM in the TES plate are studied. This work successfully validates the feasibility and effectiveness of 3D printing technology and TES technology for the temperature control in space applications.     

4D打印技术的研究进展

4D打印是实现对智能材料的增材制造技术。本文基于复合材料、形状记忆聚合物、形状记忆合金等材料简要综述了4D打印智能材料的研究进展。目前复合材料的4D打印向着多材料精确复合、响应速度快、成形材料功能化等方向发展;4D打印形状记忆聚合物则朝着形态可控、实现特定动作等方向发展;4D打印形状记忆合金,目前向着相转变行为精确调控、变形可控等方向发展。由于目前4D打印形状记忆合金存在诸多未解决的问题,本文提出了获得近全致密4D打印形状记忆合金需考虑的因素;成形孔隙对其综合性能的影响;组织性能调控;变形控制;性能指标调节的冗余度问题;需要突破的科学问题等相关思考。总体而言,随着新型原材料、成形方法、控制软件和机器精度的不断发展,4D打印技术发展迅速,正逐步走向智能化、精确化和高效化。     

Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology

3D-printing technologies are receiving an always increasing attention in architecture, due to their potential use for direct construction of buildings and other complex structures, also of considerable dimensions, with virtually any shape. Some of these technologies rely on an agglomeration process of inert materials, e.g. sand, through a special binding liquid and this capability is of interest for the space community for its potential application to space exploration. In fact, it opens the possibility for exploiting in-situ resources for the construction of buildings in harsh spatial environments. The paper presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the concept of 3D printing technology for building habitats on the Moon using lunar soil, also called regolith. A particular patented 3D-printing technology – D-shape – has been applied, which is, among the existing rapid prototyping systems, the closest to achieving full scale construction of buildings and the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar regolith and terrestrial regolith simulants have been assessed with respect to the working principles of such technology. A novel lunar regolith simulant has also been developed, which almost exactly reproduces the characteristics of the JSC-1A simulant produced in the US. Moreover, tests in air and in vacuum have been performed to demonstrate the occurrence of the reticulation reaction with the regolith simulant. The vacuum tests also showed that evaporation or freezing of the binding liquid can be prevented through a proper injection method. The general requirements of a Moon outpost have been specified, and a preliminary design of the habitat has been developed. Based on such design, a section of the outpost wall has been selected and manufactured at full scale using the D-shape printer and regolith simulant. Test pieces have also been manufactured and their mechanical properties have been assessed.     

在轨3D打印及装配技术在深空探测领域的应用研究进展

以太阳帆深空探测为引子,对以在轨3D打印及装配技术为基础的在轨制造技术的必要性和可行性进行分析,分别阐述了在轨3D打印技术的技术优势、技术可行性以及在轨装配的最新研究进展,并重点研究了美国NASA资助的“蜘蛛制造”在轨制造技术,此项研究成功地将在轨3D打印和空间自主装配有机结合起来,有望突破目前空间可展开机构无法达到万米量级的技术局限性,为中国深空探测的发展提供了一种可供选择的发展思路。     

单级低速模拟轴流压气机实验台改进设计

为了使单级低速台能够更好地模拟高压压气机后面级流动,采用导叶+静子+转子+静子+导叶的五排叶片布局,适当提高轮毂比,以及采用3D打印树脂叶片,对常规三排叶片单级低速模拟大尺寸轴流压气机实验台进行了改进设计研究,并与四级重复级低速大尺寸压气机实验台的第三级结果进行了对比。结果表明:改型设计的单级低速大尺寸压气机的设计点效率达到了89.1%,流量裕度达到了32.9%,与四级重复级实验结果基本一致,而且实现了基本相似的级间参数分布,比传统单级实验台更接近高压压气机后面级的典型流动,从而可以利用该实验台成本低和周期短的优势,开展更多更深入的关于高压压气机后面级流动机理和设计方法的实验研究。     

高性能树脂基复合材料轻质结构3D打印与性能研究

树脂基复合材料轻质结构具有轻质、高性能等优点,广泛应用于航天航空、高速列车和船舶等领域。通过对传统树脂基复合材料轻质结构制造工艺的综述分析,发现传统制造工艺具有过程复杂、周期长和生产成本高等缺陷,限制了树脂基复合材料轻质结构的发展。3D打印是一种先进的零件成形工艺,可实现复杂结构零件的快速制造,为高性能复合材料轻质结构的一体化制造提供了可能。介绍了树脂基复合材料轻质结构3D打印的研究进展,提出了基于连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料3D打印的高性能复合材料轻质结构的一体化制造工艺,并对其性能开展了初步研究。     

金属构件选区激光熔化增材制造控形与控性的跨尺度物理学机制

激光增材制造逐点、逐线、逐域的局部成形特性,要求对金属构件激光增材制造过程进行微观—介观—宏观跨尺度的控形与控性,以实现对球化、孔隙、变形及裂纹等典型冶金缺陷的有效调控。本文针对难加工铝合金构件选区激光熔化精密增材制造,在介观尺度揭示了金属粉末激光熔化/凝固的热力学行为及球化效应形成与抑制机理,在微观尺度明晰了金属激光熔池内部熔体表面张力对气泡运动及熔体致密化的作用机制,在宏观尺度提出了金属构件选区激光熔化的热作用机制及构件内应力形成和变形行为。本文为高性能复杂金属构件激光增材制造的控形与控性提供了物理学基础及关键工艺调控方法。     

均匀金属微滴打印大高径比金属针肋及其形貌预测

散热器是航天器热控系统的核心部件,采用金属微针肋阵列结构的散热器具有优良性能,能够极大提升散热效率。但微小金属针肋结构有大长径比、弱刚度的特点,切削或铸造等传统成形方法存在切削受力变形、难以填充型腔或脱模等不利因素,使得微针肋阵列高径比受到制约。本文提出均匀金属微滴3D打印直接成形大高径比金属微针肋方法,研究了基板温度、液滴沉积温度与液滴最终形貌的关系,建立了沉积液滴形貌以及微针肋轮廓预测模型,实现了针肋形貌的预测。在相应参数下以锡铅合金为材料进行了微滴打印试验,打印出直径为394μm、高径比超过100的金属微针肋,为将来航天器用高效微针肋散热器的3D打印新途径奠定了基础。     

类多孔结构超轻高效换热器流动传热特性研究

针对航空发动机热管理系统的需求,提出了一种基于3D打印技术的正八面体类多孔结构换热器,并对其内部的流动传热问题开展研究。通过研究发现,正八面体类多孔结构可以有效提高换热器的效能。但随着结构系数C_e的减小,管外流阻会急速增加。当C_e减小到10后,管外阻力系数增大到光管的18.2倍。为此,本文开展了换热器内部的结构优化,在提高内部换热的情况下,尽可能减小换热器管外空气侧流阻,使得换热阻力综合系数ψ值达到最优。