高超声速圆锥边界层失稳条纹结构实验研究

边界层转捩的准确预测是高超声速飞行面临的关键气动问题之一。为研究高超声速边界层失稳和转捩机理,以前缘半径1.6mm、半锥角7°的圆锥模型为研究对象,在FD-07高超声速风洞中采用红外热图技术开展边界层转捩实验测量。通过与工程计算结果对比,确认模型表面边界层流态。实验结果表明:有迎角条件下,模型表面中后段出现条纹结构,条纹结构的起始位置随着周向角的增加而向上游移动;随着迎角的增加,条纹起始位置向上游移动,条纹强度差异和条纹与模型中心线的夹角越来越大。实验获得的条纹结构与不同频率扰动波相互作用直接数值模拟获得的条纹结构现象一致。通过对比分析,认为边界层内不同频率扰动波相互作用是产生条纹结构的一种机制。     

Advances in fabrication of ceramic corundum abrasives based on sol–gel process

Corundum abrasives with good chemical stability can be fabricated into various free abrasives and bonded abrasive tools that are widely used in the precision machining of various parts. However, these abrasives cannot satisfy the machining requirements of difficult-to-machine materials with high hardness, high strength, and strong wearing resistance. Although superhard abrasives can machine the above-mentioned materials, their dressing and manufacturing costs are high. By contrast, ceramic corundum abrasives fabricated by sol–gel method is a cost-effective product between conventional and superhard abrasives. Ceramic corundum abrasives exhibit self-sharpening and high toughness. In this review, the optimization methods of ceramic corundum abrasive properties are introduced from three aspects: precursor synthesis, particle shaping, and sintering. Firstly, the functional mechanism of seeds and additives on the microstructural and mechanical properties of abrasives is analyzed. Specifically, seeds can reduce the phase transition temperature and improve fracture toughness. The grain size and uniformly dense structure can be controlled by applying an appropriate amount of multicomponent additives. Then, the urgent need of engineering application and machinability of special shape ceramic corundum abrasives is reviewed, and three methods of abrasive shaping are summarized. The micromold replication technique is highly advanced and can be used to prepare functional abrasives. Additionally, the influence of a new sintering method, namely, two-step sintering technique, on the microstructural and mechanical performance of ceramic corundum abrasives is summarized. Finally, the challenge and developmental trend of the optimization of ceramic corundum abrasives are prospected.     

战争中毁灭的人生——邓一光小说《远离稼穑》人物分析

在战争中个人要承受生命中怎样无法言说的沉重,作家邓一光通过他的中篇小说《远离稼穑》进行有益的探索,刻画"我的四爷"这样一个有过三次特殊被俘经历的人物形象,表现作家以勇气和胆识对战争文学题材的开掘与对角度的拓展所做出的努力。     

离散粗糙元诱发边界层转捩的实验研究

针对直升机转子叶片模型表面离散粗糙元诱发边界层转捩问题开展了实验研究,分析不同雷诺数下粗糙元尺寸参数对转捩位置的影响。实验在中航工业气动院直升机转子叶片模拟装置进行,在模型转子叶片表面布置不同尺寸的离散柱状粗糙元,利用红外热像技术探测边界层转捩,并提出一种基于湍流／层流区域面积比的转捩位置判定准则,目的是实现边界层转捩位置自动识别,进而分析粗糙元尺寸参数对转捩位置的影响。实验转速为300至600 r／m,对应叶尖切向速度为25～40 m／s。实现了对旋转叶片边界层转捩位置的定量测量,通过实验验证,转捩位置判定算法正确可靠,初步得到了不同高度 DRE 诱发转捩位置与雷诺数之间的关系,随着粗糙元高度的增加,转捩位置逐渐靠前。     

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

基于PIV技术的单圆孔脉冲射流流场特征

对稳态射流及脉冲射流冲击靶板时的流场特性结构进行了探索和分析。采用高频粒子图像测速技术,在射流管口到冲击靶板间距为6倍管径的条件下,对稳态射流进口雷诺数为6 000的稳态射流及脉冲频率为20 Hz的脉冲射流进行了实验测量,得到了射流核心区、壁面射流区及滞止区内的速度分布。研究发现:①由于射流剪切作用的影响,脉冲射流核心区的最大轴向脉动速度为稳态射流的3倍。②滞止区内,由于射流的剪切作用和壁面的滞止作用,导致了脉冲射流轴向速度梯度最大为稳态射流的2倍,同时,滞止区内的最大脉动速度是稳态射流脉动速度的3倍。③脉冲射流对壁面的卷吸以及旋涡的产生和传播过程,破坏了壁面射流区稳定的速度边界层。相比稳态射流,脉冲射流的流场增加了湍流相干结构的含能并产生周期性的大尺度卷吸涡。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

基于生成对抗网络的空间卫星低照度图像增强

针对空间低照度成像条件下卫星光学图像信息受损严重的问题,提出了一种基于生成对抗网络的空间卫星低照度图像增强方法,提高了图像的平均亮度及对比度,恢复图像细节信息,为图像识别等图像处理技术提供更高质量的数据信息.首先,设计了一种密集连接的生成器,加强了各特征提取阶段中的信息传递以及多层特征的融合,减少了特征信息的损耗,更好...     

超声速变马赫数风洞流场参数线性变化验证

旋转喷管型面使超声速变马赫数风洞在单次运行过程中可连续调节实验区的马赫数,便于研究飞行器的机动过程、进气道起动过程中的气动问题。在控制喷管型面旋转过程中,流场参数能否线性变化是衡量超声速变马赫数风洞性能的一个重要指标。分析变马赫数风洞实验区流场参数的线性变化规律,利用弹簧光顺的动网格技术建立数值仿真模型,验证喷管位于马赫数3.041~3.215 范围所对应的位置时,实验区流场参数是否满足线性变化规律。结果表明：通过对喷管型面旋转的控制实现了风洞实验区流场参数的线性变化,动态计算结果与预期实验区流场参数线性变化规律吻合良好;在不同加速度的流场参数线性变化过程中,各时刻实验区的平均参数与预期参数之间的偏差均小于0.13%。     

地面效应对尾涡消散的影响研究

采用大涡模拟方法可以分析和计算近地阶段尾涡消散和运动规律,但模型繁琐、计算复杂。本研究基于镜像涡方法建立了形式相对简单、计算迅速的近地尾涡运动模型和消散模型,计算结果与激光雷达测量数据和大涡模拟数据的偏差都不超过5％,满足动态尾涡间隔研究的需要。