Robust Navier-Stokes method for predicting unsteady flowfield and aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor

A robust unsteady rotor flowfield solver CLORNS code is established to predict the complex unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor flowfield. In order to handle the difficult problem about grid generation around rotor with complex aerodynamic shape in this CFD code,a parameterized grid generated method is established, and the moving-embedded grids are constructed by several proposed universal methods. In this work, the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with Spalart-Allmaras are selected as the governing equations to predict the unsteady flowfield of helicopter rotor. The discretization of convective fluxes is accomplished by employing the second-order central difference scheme, third-order MUSCL-Roe scheme, and fifth-order WENO-Roe scheme. Aimed at simulating the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of helicopter rotor, the dual-time scheme with implicit LU-SGS scheme is employed to accomplish the temporal discretization. In order to improve the computational efficiency of holecells and donor elements searching of the moving-embedded grid technology, the ‘‘disturbance diffraction method" and ‘‘minimum distance scheme of donor elements method" are established in this work. To improve the computational efficiency, Message Passing Interface(MPI) parallel method based on subdivision of grid, local preconditioning method and Full Approximation Storage(FAS) multi-grid method are combined in this code. By comparison of the numerical results simulated by CLORNS code with test data, it is illustrated that the present code could simulate the aerodynamic loads and aerodynamic noise characteristics of helicopter rotor accurately.     

Analysis on capabilities of density-based solvers within OpenFOAM to distinguish aerothermal variables in difusion boundary layer

Open source feld operation and manipulation（OpenFOAM）is one of the most prevalent open source computational fluid dynamics（CFD）software.It is very convenient for researchers to develop their own codes based on the class library toolbox within OpenFOAM.In recent years,several density-based solvers within OpenFOAM for supersonic/hypersonic compressible flow are coming up.Although the capabilities of these solvers to capture shock wave have already been verifed by some researchers,these solvers still need to be validated comprehensively as commercial CFD software.In boundary layer where diffusion is the dominant transportation manner,the convective discrete schemes＇capability to capture aerothermal variables,such as temperature and heat flux,is different from each other due to their own numerical dissipative characteristics and from viewpoint of this capability,these compressible solvers within OpenFOAM can be validated further.In this paper,frstly,the organizational architecture of density-based solvers within OpenFOAM is analyzed.Then,from the viewpoint of the capability to capture aerothermal variables,the numerical results of several typical geometrical felds predicted by these solvers are compared with both the outcome obtained from the commercial software Fastran and the experimental data.During the computing process,the Roe,AUSM＋（Advection Upstream Splitting Method）,and HLLC（Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact）convective discrete schemes of which the spatial accuracy is 1st and 2nd order are utilized,respectively.The compared results show that the aerothermal variables are in agreement with results generated by Fastran and the experimental data even if the1st order spatial precision is implemented.Overall,the accuracy of these density-based solvers can meet the requirement of engineering and scientifc problems to capture aerothermal variables in diffusion boundary layer.     

基于小扰动方程的直升机前飞LQR控制律设计与仿真

建立了某型直升机的小扰动运动方程,并将该模型分解为纵向模型和侧向模型,提出了前飞控制律应达到的稳态指标.以该型直升机为被控对象,采用输出反馈线性二次型调节器(LQR)技术设计了前飞控制律.通过数字仿真验证了控制律能够较好地实现直升机的前飞性能,为工程应用提供了一定的理论依据.     

基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计方法研究进展

基于高可信度计算流体力学的数值优化设计方法，在提高飞行器气动与综合性能方面正发挥着越来越重要的作用。基于代理模型的优化算法（SBO），由于能够实现高效全局优化，逐渐成为了气动优化设计领域的研究热点之一。近20年来，代理优化算法研究已取得了长足进步，多种先进的新型代理模型被提出，优化理论和算法也不断完善和发展。以飞行器精细化气动优化设计为背景，综述了基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计方法研究进展。首先，介绍了基于变可信度代理模型的气动优化设计方法、结合代理模型和伴随方法的气动优化设计方法以及基于非生物进化的并行气动优化设计方法的研究现状和最新进展。然后，针对飞行器气动优化设计学科领域的前沿问题，介绍了基于代理模型的多目标气动优化设计方法、混合反设计/优化设计方法、稳健气动优化设计方法的研究进展，以及基于代理模型的多学科优化设计方法的研究进展。文献综述表明，代理优化算法在设计效率、全局性以及鲁棒性等方面性能优良，已经发展到可以解决100维（100个设计变量）以内的气动优化设计问题，具有良好的工程应用前景。最后，探讨了基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计在理论、方法及飞行器设计应用方面所面临的问题和挑战，给出了未来研究方向的建议。     

基于Reynolds平均的高超声速二方程湍流模型

 在Reynolds平均的框架下推导了可压缩湍流Reynolds应力方程和湍动能方程。根据一定的假设和尺度分析简化并封闭了所推导的湍动能方程。在均匀湍流假设下,湍动能耗散率可分解成可压缩性耗散和旋度耗散,并对其中的可压缩性耗散进行了封闭;同时认为旋度耗散不受可压缩性影响,直接引用传统的Reynolds平均不可压缩湍动能耗散率模型方程。由此构造了适用于高马赫数的二方程可压缩湍流模型。应用所发展的模型计算了高超声速平板绕流,并与若干现有模型的计算、实验与半经验公式的计算结果进行了对比,验证了所发展的模型。在此基础上,通过对压缩拐角的高超声速湍流的数值模拟,对所发展的湍流模型,以及若干现有模型进行了对比,显示了不同湍流模型及可压缩性修正在计算壁面压力分布和热流分布上的特点,说明了湍流模型可压缩修正的必要性,得到了所发展模型的计算结果最接近实验结果的结论。     

耦合运动非定常气动模型对飞机飞行特性仿真的影响

 在大振幅偏航滚转单自由度强迫振荡和耦合强迫振荡运动风洞试验的基础上,分别运用准定常气动力建模方法和非定常气动力建模方法,获取飞机的气动力模型;运用两种不同的气动力模型,对飞机的纵向正弦振荡机动飞行进行了仿真。结果表明,准定常模型在小迎角下的仿真结果与非定常模型的结果基本一致;在较大迎角时,准定常模型仿真结果趋于稳定,而非定常模型仿真结果使飞机进入横航向振荡飞行状态,这一现象与F-16XL的试飞结果类似,其主要原因是耦合运动的非定常模型与准定常模型所产生的阻尼特性不一致。这也表明,分析大迎角飞行特性时应考虑耦合运动下的非定常气动特性。     

圆锥运动及其影响的3种描述方法

从旋转矢量方法、欧拉角方法及刚体有限转动方法出发对圆锥运动及其影响进行了阐述,得到了各方法下的等效陀螺漂移公式以及三者之间的关系;并对圆锥补偿算法在每种方法下的补偿效果进行了研究.结果表明: 刚体有限转动方法与旋转矢量方法是完全等价的,欧拉角方法仅在小角度振动情况下与它们等价;圆锥补偿算法在旋转矢量方法和欧拉角方法下均有效,并在振动角较小时补偿效果一致.旋转矢量方法和刚体有限转动方法重点在于圆锥补偿算法的开发,而欧拉角方法重点则在于指导圆锥运动转台实验设计以验证圆锥补偿算法.      

背负式S形进气道流场控制技术

通过在已有的S形进气道入口第一弯底部布置一系列类机翼的导流叶片,来改善出口流场分布,抑制旋流,减小出口畸变指数.分析了导流叶片的高度、弦长、攻角和安装位置(轴向位置和横向位置)这几个参数对S形进气道内流的影响,并利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法针对导流叶片的组数展开研究,得到最优结果.结果表明,采用优化后的导流叶片,可以有效抑制内流分离,降低S形进气道出口畸变指数,改善流场品质. 这些分析结果对于涡流发生器的设计有一定的指导意义.      

无气库型脉管制冷机调相性能

基于流体网络理论,利用Matlab编制了脉管制冷机调相计算程序,分析了有气库和无气库条件下的惯性管和双向进气型脉管制冷机的调相性能.在此基础上提出了双向进气和惯性管联合工作的耦合型无气库型脉管制冷机的理论设想,并进行了调相特性研究.该成果对于发展结构紧凑、系统能耗低的新一代无气库型脉管制冷机具有参考价值.     

Fluid and electrolyte alterations during prolonged hypokinesia

The physiological and biochemical systems that regulate the level of each electrolyte in blood and other endogenous fluids, and the balance between the consumption and loss of fluid and electrolytes and the total fluid and electrolyte content of the body are significantly affected during hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement). Among the known effects of HK, the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has drawn a great interest due to the higher fluid and electrolyte deficiency with higher than lower fluid and electrolyte consumption. The impossibility of the body to use fluid and electrolytes, after the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has been established, has drawn the greatest interest. The fluid shifting to the thoracic region and the daily body rehydration are considered as the most effective methods to counteract fluid and electrolyte changes. To this end, the objective of this review was to report some of the findings in the fluid and electrolyte deficiency and fluid and electrolyte loss with fluid and electrolyte deficiency during prolonged HK.