微藻反应器用于水气净化与产氧的功能验证

将微藻和电去离子技术引入密闭生态系统,设计单元反应器旨在验证其在空气再生、水净化和潜在食物的生产。在反应器中对尿液进行消解和NH4＋硝化转化得到超过90%NH4＋-N硝化为NO-3-N-的培养液适宜于螺旋藻养殖并获得高质量的微藻生物量;此时,CO2的平均吸收速率VCO2=458.6 mL/m3·min、O2产生速率VO2=616.5 mL/m3·min,即螺旋藻的同化系数VCO2/VO2≈0.74,接近人的呼吸系数VCO2/VO2=0.86;EDI法水净化率97%可直接回用。结果表明：该体系能实现CO2吸收、O2释放和螺旋藻生物量的生产,同时将水净化。     

Semi-annual variations of chlorophyll concentration on the Eastern Tropical Pacific coast of Mexico

An analysis of the main remotly sensed oceanographic variables was conducted to characterize the dominant drivers that modulate the spatial-temporal variability of coastal phytoplankton biomass in the northern limit of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The phytoplankton biomass was analyzed using monthly average satellite chlorophyll (Chlo) concentration data from MODIS sensors for the period 2003–2017. Oceanographic conditions were analyzed by considering (i) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) high-resolution data from the GHRSST project, (ii) wind stress calculated with data from the zonal and meridional components of the CCMP product, (iii) climatological precipitation, and (iv) climatological river flow. Chlo time series and spatial variability were analyzed using Hovmöller diagrams and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF), respectively. A strong semi-annual signal in Chlo concentration along the coast was observed: the first peak occurs in winter-spring (5.0 mg·m⁻³) and a second one in summer-autumn (6.5 mg·m⁻³). A high year-round average of Chlo concentration (3.0–15.0 mg·m⁻³) was maintained by a 10 km wide along-shore coast, with maximum values spatially associated with river mouths, of which Santiago river registered the highest Chlo values (20.0 mg·m⁻³). Surface oceanographic conditions showed a marked annual cycle with warmer conditions (30–31 °C) from July to October and colder ones (23–24 °C) from December to April; during the cold period, seasonal wind stress stimulated coastal upwelling. The EOF showed that 70% of Chlo concentration variability was controlled by the semi-annual pattern, which responded to coastal upwelling conditions during cold period, while rivers outflows influenced high Chlo concentration during the warm period. These results highlighted the importance for land-ocean interface to sustain coastal ecosystems' biological production and the major role of watersheds as sources of nutrients to maintain high biological production during warm periods in transitional tropical-subtropical zones.     

A theoretical method for solving shock relations coupled with chemical equilibrium and its applications

In this study, a theoretical method is proposed to solve shock relations coupled with chemical equilibrium. Not only shock waves in dissociated flows but also detonation waves in combustive mixtures can be solved. The global iterative solving process is specially designed to mimic the physical and chemical process in reactive shock waves to ensure good stability and fast convergence in the proposed method. Within each global step, the single-variable equations of normal and oblique shock relatio...     

原子氧对航天器表面材料作用的数值模拟

对氏地球轨道环境对航天器表面材料的影响和航天器表面材料的低地球轨道环境寿命评定方法进行了介绍;并对低地球轨道环境和地面试验环境下,有无保护涂层的业胺所受冲蚀作用进行了成功的数值模拟,获得了具有工程应用价值的数值计算结果。该工作对航天器的设计具有指导意义。     

原子氧环境对聚合物及其复合材料性能的影响

在选择卫星结构材料时,必须要对所选材料在宇宙空间环境中的可靠性进行评定,重要的是了解空间环境对材料性能的影响。文章阐述了空间低地球轨道环境中原子氧对聚合物及其复合材料性能的影响;介绍了模拟评定试验材料性能的方法;分析了作用原理、防护措施及选择聚合物复合材料应考虑的原则。     

军用飞机跳伞供氧系统改进

介绍三种跳伞供氧分系统改进方法,可用在现役主战飞机的跳伞供氧分系统中增加快速、可靠的分离机构,配合手动或自动解脱机构,使飞行员弹射救生后下降着陆或着水之前,能自动或手动解脱跳伞供氧分系统的大部分成件,使之脱离与人体的连接,减轻入水重量,减少对救生过程的不利影响,以提高水上救生的成功率。经过试验检验提出了一种较优改进方案。     

LEO原子氧剥蚀太阳电池阵Ag互连材料的试验研究

暴露在低地球轨道(LEO)上的太阳电池阵,会与大量具有极强氧化性的原子氧发生碰撞,导致太阳电池阵中对氧原子敏感的Ag互连材料受到剥蚀。文章依据原子氧剥蚀Ag材料的机理,选取了约400 km高度轨道上1年时间内原子氧的累积通量作为最高剂量,进行了原子氧剥蚀不同厚度Ag互连材料的地面模拟环境试验。试验表明:Ag在原子氧作用下在宏观上会经历"氧化—剥落"的循环剥蚀过程。根据反应方程简化推导了Ag互连片的剥蚀厚度公式,同时结合试验结果计算出了不同厚度Ag互连材料的厚度损失率。该研究成果可为LEO太阳电池阵原子氧防护设计提供技术支持。     

超低温用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的性能研究

根据低温液氧贮箱的缠绕工艺与特殊使用环境要求,分别针对3种自制的环氧树脂体系进行系统的工艺特性与低温抗裂纹性能研究。在此基础上以T700纤维复合材料为研究对象,详细考察其在超低温和高低温循环条件下的力学性能稳定性,并对其液氧相容性进行测试。最终以小型碳纤维复合材料筒体进行综合性能验证。研究结果表明,SFC-3环氧树脂具有较好的缠绕工艺特性,且在超低温和高低温交变条件下具有优异的抗裂纹特性。T700/SFC-3环氧复合材料分别经过高低温交变和超低温处理后,拉伸性能保留率在92%以上,且该复合材料具有良好的液氧相容性。T700/SFC-3环氧树脂复合材料筒体具有极好的耐高低温稳定性和气密性。     

煤油液滴高压蒸发特性

采用真实流体模型描述高压下流体热物理性质的非理想性,并采用状态方程（EoS）法计算多组分高压气-液相平衡及环境气体溶解性,在此基础上建立包含亚临界和超临界两种不同机制的瞬态液滴高压蒸发模型。针对中国新一代高压补燃液氧/煤油发动机,详细研究了煤油液滴在超临界环境下的高压蒸发特性及各因素影响机理。结果表明：高压环境会显著加快液滴温升速率,但弱超临界环境下仍然为相平衡控制的亚临界蒸发状态;只有强超临界环境下才较容易发生扩散控制的超临界蒸发状态。在高压、高温环境下,忽略气相溶解性将导致液滴蒸发速率明显偏小。针对弱超临界环境,温度升高会使液滴蒸发速率单调增加;压力升高则在低温下降低蒸发速率,而在高温下加快蒸发速率。针对强超临界环境,温度升高只提升初始亚临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,而超临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率与环境温度无关;压力升高则同样会提升初始亚临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,但会降低超临界蒸发阶段的蒸发速率,此时的总蒸发寿命随压力升高小幅下降。     

热力学非平衡状态下DSMC绝热壁边界的抽样方法

从直接模拟蒙特卡罗仿真DSMC方法的实现途径出发,经过分析推导,给出了一种在考虑分子转动能、振动能等热力学非平衡状态下统计求解绝热壁温的DSMC抽样方法。然后采用锥体外形的算例验证,分析了该方法在实现绝热壁条件时的统计误差。计算结果表明,此种方法能够有效地实现DSMC方法壁面处的绝热壁条件,随着采样步数的增加,其边界条件实现时的统计误差不断降低,该方法收敛后的统计误差可降至0.5%,能够满足工程要求。