孔间距和前倾角对进出口扩张形气膜孔流量系数的影响(英文)

Discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole of three inclination angles and three spacing between holes are presented which described the discharge behavior of a row of holes. The inlet and outlet of the 3-in-1 hole both have a 15° lateral expansion. The flow conditions considered are mainstream turbulence intensities and density ratios of secondary flow to mainstream. The momentum flux ratios varied in the range from 1 to 4. The comparison is made of the discharge coefficients of three shaped holes to find an optimal hole with low flow loss. The results show that the discharge coefficients of 3-in- 1 hole are highest in three shaped holes and therefore this article is focused on the measurements of discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole for various geometries and aerodynamic parameters. The measured results of 3-in-1 hole indicate that turbulence intensities, density ratios and momentum flux ratios have weak influence on discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 20°. The high turbulence intensity yields the small discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased both momentum flux ratios and density ratios lead to the increased discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased inclination angle causes the rapidly increased discharge coefficients. There is a weak dependence of discharge coefficients on hole pitches.     

改性双马来酰亚胺树脂在RFI工艺中的应用

通过在改性双马来酰亚胺5405树脂中加入耐高温热塑性塑料聚芳醚砜(PES),获得了满足RFI工艺要求、具有良好成膜性的5405A树脂膜.该树脂膜在室温不粘手,能够任意弯曲.在熔渗温度(130℃)下,低黏度(≤500mPa·s)的保持时间长达70min.在宦温存放3个月后,不溶物含量由1.25%变化为2.02%,DSC曲线表明反应的峰始温度和峰顶温度与放置前无明显差异,130℃凝胶时间由137min变化为135min.参照5405树脂的固化工艺,制备了5405A树脂浇铸体和单向碳纤维帘子布(G0827)增强5405A复合材料,并对性能进行了评价.对比5405和5405A树脂树脂浇铸体的性能表明,5405A力学性能稍有降低,但韧性得到了明显提高.     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

正庚烷液滴在微细直管中的燃烧特性实验

为了解微细直管对液滴形成和燃烧稳定性的影响,采用正庚烷作为燃料在内径为4mm的石英直管中的进行了实验研究.其结果显示:首先在不加热时,容易形成液滴,正庚烷体积流量小于40μL/min 时,火焰稳定性受液滴滴落的影响较大,液滴的蒸发主要受到空气体积流量影响下的火焰位置的影响;大于40μL/min时,液膜形成,火焰受液滴滴落影响不大.其次,管壁加热温度为180℃时,正庚烷体积流量低于60μL/min时难以形成液滴,大于60μL/min时液滴滴落后不形成液膜,液滴的蒸发受空气流速的影响较大,在液滴滴落以及空气流速的影响下,微燃烧器温度的变化对燃料的蒸发产生更大的影响,富燃较贫燃更易形成连续的火焰.空气流速大小对管壁温度影响明显,空气流速越小,管壁温度越高,液滴蒸发速率越大.      

高超声速复杂气动问题数值方法研究进展

高超声速流场具有复杂流动特征,其中真实气体效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等对气动力分析产生了重要影响。将流体力学研究扩展到分子动力学、电磁流体力学以及流固耦合等交叉学科领域,这给数值模拟方法带来了巨大挑战。针对高超声速气动力/热分析的热点问题,重点关注高温效应与低密度流动效应、磁流体干扰效应和力热结构耦合效应等,结合算例分析了相应的数值求解技术;在气动热方面主要比较了3类求解方法(纯工程方法、纯数值方法和基于Prandtl边界层理论的方法),并给出了相应算例;对于气动力/热/结构耦合问题,从耦合模型及耦合计算方法两方面开展了分析。最后指出了高超声速复杂气动问题数值求解技术未来需重点关注的几个方面。     

内冷通道横流条件下气膜冷却特性

为了研究内冷通道横流条件下气膜冷却的流动和换热特性,采用窄带瞬态液晶测量技术获得了内冷通道横流条件下吹风比分别为0.5,1,2时气膜孔下游冷却效率和表面传热系数云图,并通过数值模拟得到了气膜孔内及下游区域流场的详细信息.结果表明:内冷通道横流对气膜孔下游冷却效率和表面传热系数分布有重要的影响.横流增强了气膜孔射流的展向分布能力,增强了高吹风比时气膜冷却效果.另外,气膜孔下游涡的分布出现明显的不对称性,涡的结构更加复杂.      

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究

针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

酒石酸钠体系中TC18钛合金阳极氧化膜的制备、表征与疲劳性能

在以酒石酸钠为成膜剂的新型无氟环保电解液体系中对TC18钛合金进行阳极氧化,制备出一种钛合金阳极氧化膜。通过扫描电子显微镜和拉曼光谱仪分析了阳极氧化膜的形貌和相结构。采用电化学方法研究了阳极氧化后TC18钛合金的耐腐蚀性能。采用万能高频疲劳试验机进行高频疲劳试验。结果表明：膜层具有沟壑与鼓包的表面形貌。膜层具有非晶态、锐钛矿型及金红石型TiO₂结构,可能有板钛矿TiO₂结构。阳极氧化后TC18钛合金的耐蚀性有显著的提高。阳极氧化后TC18钛合金的拉伸性能与疲劳性能基本不降低,相比于传统硫酸-磷酸型阳极氧化,拉伸性能和疲劳性能得到了一定的改善。     

定长补偿电火花铣削加工中锥形电极的形成及稳定性

电火花铣削可以利用简单电极加工复杂工件,对铣削过程中电极损耗进行补偿是保证工件加工精度的重要措施。使用圆柱电极进行定长补偿铣削加工,加工过程中电极端面会形成一个圆锥形。为保证补偿精度,对电极圆锥形端面的形成及稳定性进行了研究。通过对定长补偿下工件被加工情况的研究,阐述了圆锥形电极形成的具体过程;并且论证了在加工进入稳定阶段以后,圆锥端面角度会基本保持在一个恒定值,研究了初始加工深度和补偿长度对锥形过渡阶段的影响;在电极直径、电参数一定情况下,验证了加工模型中锥形角度与目标加工深度的函数关系,实验结果与模型计算结果相差2.1%;最后给出了加工实例,并获得较好的加工效果。     

高超声速飞行器跨流域气动力／热预测技术研究

分析了跨流域流动特点、工程背景需求、国内外研究现状,针对高超声速飞行器跨流域气动力／热预测存在的主要问题,从粘性干扰参数与克努森数搭接的跨流域模拟准则、微量天平结构优化及测力技术、红外大面积中低量值热流测量技术、流场显示与测量技术和 N-S／DSMC 自适应紧耦合数值模拟方法等方面,总结了近年来取得的研究进展,并讨论了下一步研究方向。