Spectra and time variability of black-hole binaries in the low/hard state

We propose a jet model for the low/hard state of galactic black-hole X-ray sources which explains the energy spectra from radio to X-rays and a number of timing properties in the X-ray domain such as the time lag spectra, the hardening of the power density spectra and the narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy. The model assumes that (i) there is a magnetic field along the axis of the jet, (ii) the electron density in the jet drops inversely proportional to distance, (iii) the jet is “hotter” near its center than at its periphery, and (iv) the electrons in the jet follow a power-law distribution function. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of Compton upscattering of soft photons from the accretion disk and have found power-law high-energy spectra with photon-number index in the range 1.5–2 and cutoff at a few hundred keV, power-law time lags versus Fourier frequency with index 0.8, and an increase of the rms amplitude of variability and a narrowing of the autocorrelation function with increasing photon energy as they have been observed in Cygnus X-1. The spectrum at long wavelengths (radio, infrared, optical) is modeled to come from synchrotron radiation of the energetic electrons in the jet. We find flat to inverted radio spectra that extend from the radio up to about the optical band. For magnetic field strengths of the order 10⁵–10⁶ G at the base of the jet, the calculated spectra agree well in slope and flux with the observations.     

飞机数字化装配系统中机身交点孔加工方法研究

针对传统交点孔加工方法加工精度低且存在回弹变形的问题,设计了一种满足飞机大部件数字化装配要求的机身交点孔精加工方法,根据交点孔的加工特性完成了机身定位与固持、数控加工中心定位以及加工工艺的总体设计,确定了交点孔加工程序原点的计算方法和编程原则,最后通过交点孔试切加工试验验证了加工方法的可行性。     

An equilibrium multi-objective optimum design for non-circular clearance hole of disk with discrete variables

An Equilibrium Multi-objective Optimization Model(EMOM) with self-regulated weighting factors has been proposed for the optimum design of non-circular clearance hole on the front flange of turbine disk. In the ‘‘equilibrium design", both the stress decrease around the hole and the least hole's profile variation are considered, which balances two ambivalent design goals. Specific discrete variables are applied to realize the standardization design in the optimization process, in which a Surrogate Genetic Coding Algorithm(SGCA) is introduced, and a special check module is used to get rid of repeated fitness evaluation of the samples. The method offers an equilibrium design for the non-circular clearance hole of the turbine disk with great accuracy and efficiency.     

基于改进准则法的复合壳阻尼结构拓扑减振动力学优化

针对复合壳阻尼结构的拓扑减振优化问题，以约束阻尼层的有限单元为设计变量，采用体积比、模态频率和振型为优化约束条件，构建以多模态权重系数的结构模态损耗因子数值关系为优化目标函数的拓扑减振优化模型。为了拓展优化目标灵敏度具有不局限于某一变密度法插值模型的形式，推导了数值表达式的一般函数式。动力学优化中优化目标灵敏度正、负数集共存，使得非凸性的目标函数设计变量出现负值或优化函数寻优于局部极值点。为此，推导出复合壳阻尼结构的全域灵敏度改进优化准则法迭代格，以确保每次迭代域均为全域设计变量集。结合有限单元法编程实现了复合壳阻尼结构改进准则法，并对复合壳结构进行拓扑减振优化分析。结果表明：在敷设体积减为全覆盖的50%时，复合壳结构的模态损耗因子增减偏差为10%，具有提升减振的轻量化设计目的；各阶目标函数和拓扑构型所需的迭代次数少，中间密度区域较小，多阶优于单阶模态优化函数，易于获得全域寻优的有效减振。     

翼吊发动机安装结构等效建模及其隔振设计

为了研究翼吊发动机安装结构隔振特性并优化其隔振器设计,建立了发动机安装节-吊架-机翼结构理论分析及有限元模型.利用有限元方法进行了模态验证并分析了安装结构的隔振特性.进行发动机3种典型工况下的结构动响应分析确定了振动传递的主路径.基于振动传递路径法研究了隔振器参数和安装位置对安装系统隔振性能的影响规律.结果表明:振动载荷经安装结构后低压转子转频和高压转子转频峰值响应分别降低22.03%和14.65%.低压转子转频振动传递主路径为发动机-前安装节-吊架-机翼,高压转子转频为发动机-后安装节-上连杆-机翼.通过合理设置隔振器位置可以使安装系统隔振率达到50.41%,隔振器的频率比为5和阻尼比为0.25时安装系统隔振率可达70.67%.为了优化整个发动机安装系统的隔振效果,设计隔振器时必须选取合适的安装位置和参数.      

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

基于瞬态液晶测量技术的收缩-扩张形孔

采用一种进行全表面测量的瞬态液晶测量技术测量了新型气膜孔(收缩-扩张形孔)的气膜冷却特性,研究了动量比对冷却效率和换热系数的影响,并与传统的圆柱形孔气膜冷却特性进行了对比,结果表明:收缩-扩张形孔中心线附近区域的冷却效率相对较低,而两孔之间区域的冷却效率相对较高,与圆形孔分布规律相反;在上游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近区域较高,而在下游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近又较低,与圆形孔相比也有较大不同。相对于圆柱形孔,收缩缝形孔的平均换热系数比在上游较高,在下游较低;收缩-扩张形孔喷出气膜对下游壁面区域的有效覆盖率远大于圆柱形孔,其展向平均冷却效率明显高于圆柱形孔;收缩-扩张形孔在动量比为2时的平均冷却效率最高。     

亚声速叶片与跨声速叶片的气动阻尼比较

为了研究叶轮机中叶片与流场流固耦合作用情况下的气动阻尼,分别以亚声速和跨声速转子叶片为例计算气动阻尼。根据对非定常气动力的分析,提出了一种与结构等效粘滞阻尼比对应的模态气动等效粘滞阻尼比的定义。采用弱耦合分域求解的算法,在线性范围内,计算并比较了跨声速叶片和亚声速叶片模态和振幅对模态气动阻尼比的影响,根据分布气动阻尼比研究压缩波对模态气动阻尼比的影响。研究结果表明这两类叶片的气动阻尼特性基本一致,所提参数对两类叶片的气动阻尼的影响基本相同。     

空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制

提出了动态抓取域用于空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制。空间机器人捕获漂浮目标时,由于机械臂与基体的动力学耦合、抓取时的碰撞激振等非线性特性使得抓取控制变得复杂而重要。首先建立了空间机器人及漂浮目标的动力学模型,而后引入了末端装置抓取目标时的碰撞模型,并提出了"动态抓取域"用于机械臂抓取目标时的控制,同时应用关节主动阻尼控制,以减小抓取碰撞激振对空间机器人冲击的影响。结果表明:在相同抓取时间下,加速抓取明显优于匀速抓取,碰撞力振幅减小至匀速抓取时的20%,对空间机器人的激振冲击明显消除,仅在抓取结束前有小幅激振。这对空间机器人的抓取控制有着重要的理论价值及工程实际意义。     

叶轮机械颤振稳定性的工程预测方法

通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程并采用影响系数法,对三个基本正交模态的三维振荡涡轮叶片绕流问题进行了研究。结果表明数值模拟所得非定常气动力与实验吻合较好;基于刚体运动假设和模态叠加法,得到了可用于叶轮机械设计阶段颤振稳定性评估的稳定性参数图/气动阻尼图,即所有可能的刚体运动及其相应气动阻尼的关系图;通过对稳定性参数图/气动阻尼图的分析表明,在一定情况下振型对颤振稳定性有重要影响,应将其作为颤振稳定性设计的重要参数之一。