Physiologic and metabolic responses of wheat seedlings to elevated and super-elevated carbon dioxide

The metabolic consequence of suboptimal (400 μmol mol⁻¹ or ppm), near-optimal (1500 ppm) and supra-optimal (10,000 ppm) atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO₂] was investigated in an attempt to reveal plausible underlying mechanisms for the differential physiological and developmental responses to increasing [CO₂]. Both non-targeted and targeted metabolite profiling by GC–MS and LC–MS were employed to examine primary and secondary metabolites in wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv Yocoro rojo) continuously exposed to these [CO₂] levels for 14, 21 and 28 days. Metabolite profile was altered by both [CO₂] and physiological age. In general, plants grown under high [CO₂] exhibited a metabolite profile characteristic of older plants under ambient CO₂. Elevated [CO₂] resulted in higher levels of phosphorylated sugar intermediates, though no clear trend in the content of reducing sugars was observed. Transient starch content was enhanced by increasing [CO₂] to a much greater extent at 10,000 ppm CO₂ than at 1500 ppm CO₂. The percentage increase of starch content resulting from CO₂ enrichment declined as plants develope. In contrast, elevated [CO₂] promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites (flavonoids) progressively to a greater extent as plants became mature. Elevated [CO₂] to 1500 ppm induced a higher initial growth rate, while super-elevated [CO₂] appeared to negate such initial growth promotion. However, after 4 weeks, there was no difference in vegetative growth between 1500 and 10,000 ppm CO₂-grown plants, both elevated CO₂ levels resulted in an overall 25% increase in biomass over the control plants. More interestingly, elevated atmospheric [CO₂] reduced evapotranspiration rate (ET), but further increase to the supra-optimal level resulted in increased ET (a reversed trend), i.e. ET at 1500 ppm < ET at 10,000 ppm < ET at 400 ppm. The differential effect of elevated and super-elevated CO₂ on plants was further reflected in the nitrogen dynamics. These results provide the potential metabolic basis for the differential productivity and stomatal function of plants grown under elevated and super-elevated CO₂ levels.     

Friction and Wear Properties of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Coatings in Water Lubrication

The friction and wear properties of amorphous carbon nitride(a-CN x)coatings in water lubrication were reviewed.The influences of mating materials and tribological variables such as normal load(W)and sliding speed(V)on the friction and wear properties of the a-CN x coatings were analyzed.It was indicated that the specific wear rate of the a-CN x coatings was related to the hydration reaction of mating materials with water.If the mating materials were easily hydrated,the specific wear rate of a-CN x coatings was low.The water-lubricated properties of the a-CN x coatings were better in comparison to the a-C coatings.The a-CN x/Si-based non-oxide ceramics tribo-pairs exhibited the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate.To describe their friction and wear properties at the normal loads of 3—15Nand the sliding speeds of 0.05—0.5m/s,the wear-mechanism maps for the a-CN x/SiC(Si3N4)tribo-pairs in water were developed.     

Microstructure,thermophysical property and ablation behavior of high thermal conductivity carbon/carbon composites after heat-treatment

Uni-directional carbon/carbon composites with high thermal conductivity are suitable to supply continuous thermal protection for future reentry vehicles since they could reduce surface temperature and ablation rates simultaneously in harsh environments. In this work, the high thermal conductivity carbon/carbon composites were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration. After heat-treatment, both their open porosity and internal friction increase due to the fiber/matrix thermal expansion mismatch; while their thermal conductive performance become better due to more complete carbon structure. With raising heat-treatment temperature from 1800 °C to 2450 °C, the mass and linear ablation rates of C/C composites with fibers vertical to the oxyacetylene torch for 60 s decrease from 0.66 mg/s and 2.95 μm/s to 0.51 mg/s and 2.05 μm/s respectively. The improved ablation resistance is resulted from the increased thermal conductivity from 282 to 508 W/(m·K) and more carbon fibers exposed to the flame during ablation, which have better oxidation resistance than those of carbon matrix. While such ablation rates become larger for composites with fibers parallel to the flame, from 1.02 mg/s and 3.73 μm/s to 1.28 mg/s and 5.01 μm/s respectively since the ablation occurred more easily through gaps at the fiber/matrix interfaces, which become larger and are always exposed to the flame for this case.     

石英陶瓷与碳纤维增强复合材料间胶接增强的优化工艺

为提高硅橡胶胶黏剂胶接石英陶瓷和碳纤维增强复合材料的强度和耐温性能,研究了胶接面湿热状态、打磨程度、胶层厚度、操作等待时间等工艺参数对胶接强度的影响。在试片正常烘干、打磨的情况下,当胶层厚度为0.4 mm、操作等待时间小于0.5 h时,胶接效果最优,其压缩剪切强度达到了3.06 MPa。探索了底涂剂处理对胶接强度和耐温性能的影响。在温度不高于100℃时,底涂剂A的效果较好。经底涂剂A处理后,胶接试片常温下的强度提高了13.7%,达到3.48 MPa;100℃时的强度提升率达到37.7%。在更高温度下,底涂剂B的效果更为显著。经底涂剂B处理后,胶接试片常温下的强度提升了10.1%,达到3.37 MPa;300℃时的强度提升了44.0%,达到1.57 MPa;200℃时的强度提升率最高,为49.0%。测试结果为高温条件下石英陶瓷胶接结构的胶接工艺优化及其应用提供了参考。     

FINITE DIFFERENCE MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF DENSIFYING CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES BY CHEMICAL VAPOR INFILTRATIONP ROCESSES

ＮｏｍｅｎｃｌａｔｕｒｅｓＡ０—ｃｏｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＡｒｈｅｎｉｕｓｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎＣ（ｎ）—ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｕｎｉｔ（ｎ）（ｍｏｌ／ｃｍ３）Ｃ０—ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎａｔｅｘ...     

旋转CVI制备陶瓷基复合材料碳界面层

用旋转ＣＶＩ工艺，通过优化工艺参数，在低压（５ｋＰａ）、高温（１１００℃）、高Ｃ３Ｈ６ 浓度（６２．５ｖｏｌ％ ）以及３．５ｍ ｍ ·ｍ ｉｎ－ １ 碳布旋转线速度条件下，在二维碳布上快速制备了厚度均匀（０．２５μｍ ）、表面规整的致密热解碳界面层。实验结果表明：沉积温度对界面层表面状况有较大的影响；采用减压法与优化沉积炉结构与几何尺寸，能有效防止高温高Ｃ３Ｈ６ 浓度下炭黑的形成。     

AZ91镁合金负压消失模铸造充型速度的研究

真空度、浇注温度及模样厚度对AZ91镁合金消失模铸造充型速度影响的全因子实验的结果表明 ,它们都对充型速度起积极的作用 ,真空度是决定充型速度的一个关键工艺参数。在不抽真空时 ,充型速度非常小且随充型过程的进行逐渐降低 ,浇注温度对充型速度的影响也很小 ;抽真空时 ,充型速度在充型过程中不断变化且呈现不出任何规律 ,其起伏的幅度随真空度、浇注温度和模样厚度的增大而增大 ;在真空度较低时 ,随着真空度和 或浇注温度的提高 ,平均充型速度迅速增大 ,真空度与浇注温度对充型速度的交互作用增强 ;在较高的真空度下 ,平均充型速度仍随浇注温度的提高而增大 ,但平均充型速度的增大速率却随真空度的进一步提高而降低 ,真空度与浇注温度对充型速度的交互作用很弱。模样厚度对平均充型速度影响在抽真空时有所提高。     

碳纤维涂层结构与性能的关系

 本文用抗氧化数Φ(无量纲)的概念来衡量碳纤维涂层的抗氧化能力。依据化学动力学导出了涂层抗氧化数与涂层结构参数的关系:Φ=KX/D。通过实验,研究了SiO_2及sic涂层结构及碳纤维上涂覆SiO_2及SiC涂层后的热失重及抗拉强度,求得涂层抗氧化数并与计算结果进行了比较。由此分析了涂层结构对抗氧化能力的影响。     

碳纤维的表面处理与复合材料的层间剪切强度

碳纤维增强塑料（ＣＦＲＰ）是碳纤维在当前应用的主要形式之一。实用要求ＣＦＲＰ层间剪切强度（ＩＬＳＳ）的下限值为７ＳＭＰａ，未经表面处理的碳纤维的ＩＬＳＳ仅在５０～６０ＭＰａ之间，经表面处理后，可提高到８０ＭＰａ以上，充分满足使用要求。除此之外，ＩＬＳＳ还与纤维含量、孔隙率和基体树脂性能等有关。     

多向C/C复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度初步研究

对C／C复合材料的烧蚀表面粗糙度进行了测量，并对不同编织结构和不同基体组元的C／C复合材料的烧蚀表面粗糙度进行了比较分析。研究发现：基体组元相同时采用多向结构的C／C复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度明显降低；编织结构相同时，舍有沉积碳组元的碳／碳复合材料烧蚀表面粗糙度明显降低。