GNSS water vapour tomography – Expected improvements by combining GPS,GLONASS and Galileo observations

The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) operates a GNSS water vapour tomography system using about 350 German GNSS stations. The GNSS data processing at the GFZ works in near real-time and provides zenith total delays, integrated water vapour and slant delay data operationally. This large data set of more than 50,000 slant delays per hour is used to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields by means of tomographic techniques. It can be expected that additional observations from the future Galileo system provide more information with improved quality. A simulation study covering 12 h at 14 July 2009 was therefore started to estimate the impact of GPS, Galileo and GLONASS data on the GNSS tomography. It is shown that the spatial coverage of the atmosphere with slant paths is highly improved by combining observations from two or three satellite systems. Equally important for a reliable tomographic reconstruction is the distribution of slant path intersections as they are required to locate the integrated delay information. The number of intersection points can be increased by a factor of 4 or 8 if two or three systems are combined and their distribution will cover larger regions of the atmosphere. The combined data sets can be used to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of the reconstructed humidity fields up to 30 km horizontally, 300 m vertically and 15 min. The reconstruction quality could not be improved considerably using the currently available techniques.     

浅谈城市会议中心水处理系统的改造方案

通过对某城市会议中心用水系统的实际考察，找出了存在的问题，提出了采用“射频式水处理器”对用水系统进行水处理的改造方案，达到既防止系统结垢，又能减少管网腐蚀，达到维持系统安全稳定运行的目的。     

预存气体闭端管路的充填水击研究

为提升补燃循环发动机仿真平台的分布参数计算能力,针对常温液体充填预存气体闭端管路的水击现象,本文使用Modelica语言基于MWorks平台建立了一维有限体积的管路充填模型,并分别使用该模型和集中参数模型对现有文献中的充填水击实验进行了仿真模拟,结果表明：对于预存气体0.1MPa的工况下,一维有限体积模型与集中参数模型对实验的模拟度均较为接近;而在管路接近真空的工况下,一维有限体积模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合度很高,集中参数模型误差则高达76%左右。在不同预存气体压力下的计算结果表明：在管路刚度一定的条件下,预存气体压力0.1MPa以下时,气体的压缩缓冲作用是充填过程中水击压力峰值得到减弱的主要原因;在预存气体压力0.1MPa以上时,气体的缓冲作用与充填流量的减小共同导致了充填水击压力峰值的减弱。对不同弹性管路的计算表明：在闭端管路的充填过程中,管壁弹性对近真空管路的影响相对较大,对预存气体压力较大的管路几乎没有影响。     

月壤含水特性原位快速预判传感器设计与验证

基于月壤和水冰对不同谱段近红外激光存在吸收/反射差异性的特点,提出了采用多模近红外激光光强差异反演月壤含水特性的水冰原位快速预判方法。通过发射/接收光路同轴设计及多模激光光路分时复用设计,实现了多模激光光学系统轻小型化设计,研制出基于多模近红外激光的月壤水冰原位快速预判传感器工程样机,并开展了针对低含水率极区模拟月壤的含水特性原位预判试验。试验结果表明：该传感器水冰检测限可达0.39%,单次预判时间可优于1 s,光斑直径@检测距离为5 cm@500 mm,传感器具备对地面模拟月壤含水特性进行原位快速预判的能力。     

金属/水反应冲压发动机理论性能计算与分析

基于水与金属燃料反应的水冲压发动机是一种新型的水下动力装置。为了研究水下冲压发动机的基本性能，在简述热力计算原理的基础上，以含铝贫氧推进剂为例对燃气发生器式水冲压发动机、以铝金属燃料为例对漩流式水冲压发动机进行了不同工作状态下的热力计算，得出了发动机比冲与水燃比、工作压强等之间的定性关系。     

一种新型水溶性芯模的制备和性能

概述了金属模具不易脱模的形状复杂的复合材料结构件成型中遇到的工艺技术难题,着重对水溶性芯模的制备工艺特点和性能进行了研究,并将所制得的水溶性芯模成功的用于树脂基复合材料结构件的制造中。结果表明,水溶性芯模的各项性能满足复杂异型复合材料结构件制造的要求。     

发动机尾焰注水降温数值计算与试验研究

针对火箭发动机尾焰注水流场,组织并实施了火箭发动机系留点火及燃气流场注水降温缩比试验,研究了燃气冲击射流流场和注水作用下两相流场的分布状态以及降温效果。并通过研究在高温高速对流冲击作用下气液两相流的传热和传质理论,在Mixture多相流模型的基础上添加质量和能量源项,建立了多组分气液两相流非定常数值计算模型,通过对比试验结论,结果表明：所建立的数值计算模型具有较高的计算精度和可靠性,能够准确地反映物理现象。利用数值计算模型研究了注水后燃气、液态水和水蒸气三种主要组分在流场中的组成,通过与自由射流对比得到了注水燃气流场的包络线长度与宽度变化,注水对燃气流场降温效果显著。     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

大连春季一次平流海雾天气过程分析

本文从天气形势背景、水文气象条件等方面分析2012年4月下旬发生在大连地区的一次平流海雾过程;重点探讨大连地区春季海雾的形成机制与大雾形成的水汽来源等问题。在东南风的引导下,暖湿空气流经冷的海面是成雾的主要机制;天气形势稳定少动是这次大雾天气持续时间较长的主要原因。     

基于前缘凸结的推进泵叶片空化控制研究

为抑制推进泵空化不稳定引起的振动、噪声等危害,采用仿座头鲸鳍状肢前缘凸结的方法对推进泵叶片空化进行控制,通过水洞实验和数值模拟对前缘凸结的空化控制效果和机理进行了研究。结果表明,与原型泵相比,本文设计的仿生泵扬程得到了提升,且其效率损失小于2.5%;该仿生泵的前缘凸结会诱发涡结构,使叶片表面适度湍流化,造成空化区域的展向发展受到限制,空泡稳定性得到提高,但其也会导致波谷处存在低压区,造成仿生泵空化初生提前。总体来说,前缘凸结可以有效控制空化脱落和不稳定脉动,但凸结结构参数有待进一步优化以延缓由于波谷处局部压力较低而引发的空化初生提前。