姿控推进系统发动机关机的管路瞬变特性

从一维液体瞬变管路方程出发，采用有限差分格式的特征线方法，针对某姿控推进系统发动机真实氧化剂管路的关机瞬变特性进行了数值研究，对系统不同部位的动态特性进行了计算，喷注前的最大瞬变压力达到储箱压力的3倍，得到的结果与试车数据是一致的，对液体发动机管路工程设计具有参考价值，表明该方法可以方便地对包括许多管路，阀门和推力室的复杂系统进行动态特性分析。     

低温热水地板辐射采暖施工要点与能效分析

以中国矿业大学教师公寓小高层住宅项目为例,介绍了低温热水地面辐射采暖系统的特点及施工要点,并进行了能效分析,根据实际运行情况对该系统进行了分析和总结。达到了预期的设计目的,提高和改善了供暖使用功能,具有较高的推广价值。     

Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

Report of the COSPAR mars special regions colloquium

In this paper we present the findings of a COSPAR Mars Special Regions Colloquium held in Rome in 2007. We review and discuss the definition of Mars Special Regions, the physical parameters used to define Mars Special Regions, and physical features on Mars that can be interpreted as Mars Special Regions. We conclude that any region experiencing temperatures > −25 °C for a few hours a year and a water activity > 0.5 can potentially allow the replication of terrestrial microorganisms. Physical features on Mars that can be interpreted as meeting these conditions constitute a Mars Special Region. Based on current knowledge of the martian environment and the conservative nature of planetary protection, the following features constitute Mars Special regions: Gullies and bright streaks associated with them, pasted-on terrain, deep subsurface, dark streaks only on a case-by-case basis, others to be determined. The parameter definition and the associated list of physical features should be re-evaluated on a regular basis.     

GPS sensing of precipitable water vapour during the March 2010 Melbourne storm

The March 2010 Melbourne storm is used as a case study to examine the potential of using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations for studying the precipitable water vapour (PWV) field. The Victorian statewide GPS infrastructure network, i.e. GPSnet, was used in this study. GPSnet is currently the only statewide and densest GPS infrastructure network in Australia, which provides an excellent opportunity to examine the distribution of water vapour as the severe weather system passed over the state. Data from 15 GPSnet stations were processed over a one-week period, i.e. a few days prior to and after the storm passage, during which the course of the storm extended from the west to the southeast corner of the state. In addition, data from two radiosonde sites of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Upper Air Network were used to compare and validate the GPS derived PWV measurements. The findings demonstrate that there is strong spatial and temporal correlation between variations of the ground-based GPS-PWV estimates and the passage of the storm over the state. This is encouraging as the ground-based GPS water vapour sensing technique can be considered as a supplemental meteorological sensor in studying severe weather events. The advantage of using ground-based GPS-PWV technique is that it is capable of providing continuous observation of the storm passage with high temporal resolution. The spatial resolution of the distribution of water vapour is dependent on the geographical location and density of the GPS stations.     

海流对出水空泡演化过程影响机理数值研究

采用数值仿真手段,重点针对海流对空泡演化过程的影响开展研究,形成考虑海流影响的空泡多相流理论与数值计算方法,分析了海流流向及流速影响,获得了海流对空泡发展演化的作用机制及对航行体流体动力特征的影响规律。研究结果表明:航向海流对溃灭阶段的空泡形态变化影响较为明显,不同海流工况下,泡内水、气分布有所不同,高压产生次序及溃灭过程的流动结构变化也因此不同。横向海流作用下的空泡形态差别不大,受到合成来流方向发生偏转的影响,迎流面向横向来流方向偏斜,造成空泡形状不对称。     

水下气液两相冲压发动机非设计点性能分析

针对水下气液两相冲压发动机非设计工况下运行特性,建立数学模型并开展数值模拟研究,分别分析了通入气体质量流率、航行速度及环境压力变化对发动机性能的影响等,以期全面了解发动机特性,为其设计工作奠定理论基础。计算分析表明:发动机推力随气体质量流率的增大而增大,推进效率随其增大而减小;当实际航行速度大于设计值时,发动机推力略有增大,推进效率在速度为设计值时具有最大值;发动机推力及推进效率均随环境压力增大而略有减小。通过反馈控制调节气体质量流率,可使发动机输出与阻力相近的推力值,使航行体在工作速度范围内的任意速度值下实现匀速航行。     

液体工质激光推进性能研究评述

工质的选择对于激光推进任务的完成具有举足轻重的作用。液体工质以其自身独特的优点已经引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣。评述了国内外液体工质激光推进性能的研究进展,指出了研究工作中存在的突出问题,探讨了提高液体工质推进性能的可能途径,提出了将尺寸较小的水滴用作工质从而提高推进性能的方法。研究结果表明,液膜和尺寸较小的水滴是提高液体工质推进性能的有效途径。     

Observation of aphelion cloud belt over Martian tropics,its evolution,and associated dust distribution from MCS data

The present study uses five Martian years of observations from Mars Climate Sounder onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for investigating the Aphelion Cloud Belt (ACB) over the tropics. Analysis of zonal mean water ice column opacity suggests that the spatial extension of the ACB is mainly confined over the tropics and mid-latitudes (-20 – 40°N) during L_S ~ 45 – 135° (L_S = 0° signifies northern spring equinox). The ACB is seen primarily in the nighttime only due to the truncation of the daytime profile observations at significantly higher altitudes (at ~30 km). Zonal mean ice extinction profiles show ACB’s altitudinal range within ~10 – 40 km, and the existence of a thin cloud band in the absence of a thick ACB during aphelion season. Three phases of the ACB could be identified as the formation phase during L_S = 45 – 75° (phase 1), the peak phase during L_S = 76 – 105° (phase 2), and the decaying phase during L_S = 106 – 135° (phase 3). Observation of the cloud latitude belt shows a northward movement starting from phase 2, prominent over regions nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra. During this phase, the top level of thick clouds within the ACB decreases to ~20 km in the southern hemisphere, while it increases a little over the northern hemisphere (NH). The decreasing tendency continues in phase 3 over the entire region ?10 – 10°N, and the thick cloud base moves higher over the NH, though the vertical depth of it becomes narrower than phase 2. Temperature profiles do not show any noticeable influence on the northward evolution of the ACB. However, the study at a regional level indicates a possible association of upper tropospheric dustiness with the ACB’s evolution. The mechanism is evident in the correlation analysis mostly at an altitude range of ~18 – 35 km. The migrating semidiurnal tide (SMD) as a proxy of dust or water ice forcing, and the calculated upper tropospheric dust radiative heating, shows an apparent northward movement of their peak amplitude within the three phases of the ACB. This match between the spatiotemporal variations of the SMD and the water ice was not observed previously. However, the correlating behavior seems to be prominent in the areas nearby Lunae Planum and Xanthe Terra and the upper-tropospheric region of the atmosphere.