铝合金厚板FSW焊缝成形及金属流动行为分析

采用三角平面圆锥形搅拌针焊接20 mm厚的铝板,分析工艺参数对焊缝成形及金属流动特征影响。随着旋转速度增加,单位时间内金属迁移量增大,焊核区面积增加,疏松区面积减小至消失;而过大的旋转速度反而使疏松缺陷再次出现。适当减小焊接速度,增大单位长度内焊缝热输入,改善焊缝成形,但焊接速度过小易导致焊缝上部受热过多,疏松区及内部孔洞变大。在合适的参数下焊接时,瞬时空腔的出现可使更多塑化金属绕搅拌针做圆周迁移,即提高了沿水平方向的“抽吸-挤压”效应,改善了金属流动性,减少甚至消除焊缝内部缺陷。     

SMA鼓包迟滞建模与控制策略

激波控制鼓包SCB是一种减小激波阻力的流动控制技术。为了解决固定挠度鼓包工作范围较窄的问题,提出了一种具有双向记忆效应的形状记忆合金SMA鼓包,通过控制SMA鼓包的温度来改变其挠度。SMA鼓包最大可回复位移为6.1 mm,为鼓包变形区域的2.65%。针对迟滞现象对鼓包挠度控制的影响,基于（Krasnosel'skii-Pokrovskii,KP）模型对SMA鼓包的温度/挠度迟滞特性进行了建模研究。采用粒子群算法来辨识模型参数,辨识得到的迟滞模型最大误差为0.107 mm。设计了2种基于KP模型的PID控制方案,一种为无迟滞补偿的单目标PID控制,一种为迟滞逆模型前馈补偿的双目标PID控制。仿真与实验结果表明,迟滞逆模型前馈补偿的双目标PID控制时域性能优于无迟滞补偿的单目标PID控制。     

Influences of pulse frequency on formation and properties of composite anodic oxide films on Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy

A thick composite anodic oxide film was fabricated in an environmentally friendly malic acid electrolyte containing PolyTetraFluoroEthylene (PTFE) nanoparticles on Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloys. The influence of pulse frequency on the morphology, microstructure and composition of composite anodic oxide films containing PTFE nanoparticles was investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. The tribological properties in terms of the friction coefficient, wear loss and morphology of worn surfaces were measured by ball-on-disc tests. The electrochemical property was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization. The results indicated that the titanium dioxide of composite anodic oxide films transformed from anatase to rutile with the change of pulse frequency, which could result from the electrochemical dynamic equilibrium. The combination of PTFE nanoparticles and malic acid electrolyte molecules can influence the energy fluctuation of electrochemical equilibrium and formation of composite anodic oxide films. Moreover, composite anodic oxide films fabricated under the condition of 1.0–2.0 Hz exhibited the best wear resistance and corrosion property. The schematic diagram of the film formation and PTFE nanoparticles spreading process under different frequencies was elucidated.     

Effect of beam current on microstructures and mechanical properties of joints of TZM/30CrMnSiA by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding experiments of TZM alloy and 30CrMnSiA steel butt joints were carried out with different beam currents. Microstructures and chemical compositions of typical zones were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile strength tests. Besides, nanoindentation tests were carried out to compare the brittleness of the reaction layer and other typical microstructures. The results illustrated that the reaction layer at the interface between fusion zone (FZ) and TZM alloy was the weak position of the joint, which was divided into Fe₂Mo layer and a mixture layer of Fe₂Mo and α-Fe phases. As the beam current increased, the thickness of the Fe₂Mo layer decreased, which resulted in the increasing of the tensile strength of the joints. When the beam current exceeded 24 mA, the formation of the joint was poor with a low tensile strength. When the beam current was 24 mA, the joint presented the highest strength of 191.3 MPa and the joint fractured along the Fe₂Mo layer near the TZM alloy side with a brittle fracture mode.     

X射线衍射残余应力测试方法及应用

介绍了X射线衍射仪测定材料残余应力的原理、测定参数的选择依据,并以7055铝合金为试验对象,进行了不同热处理机制的材料残余应力的测定。试验结果表明:X射线衍射仪测定7055铝合金的参数为管电压28.5 kV、管电流9 mA、扫描步距0.05。、计数时间20 s、4ψ角、铬靶(311)晶面、准直管直径φ4 mm;通过X射线衍射仪测得7055铝合金热处理之前的残余应力值为207MPa,为压应力,经A和B热处理机制处理之后的残余应力分别为62 MPa和33 MPa,均为压应力,两种热处理机制均能有效降低材料加工残余应力,且B热处理机制略优于A。X射线衍射方法测定材料残余应力为材料热处理机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

激光冲击强化提高外物打伤钛合金模拟叶片高周疲劳性能

为指导钛合金叶片抗外物打伤激光冲击强化工艺设计,根据真实叶片叶型特征设计了刃口型模拟叶片,采用两种激光冲击强化工艺对模拟叶片进行预处理,并采用空气炮系统进行外物打伤模拟试验,最后通过疲劳试验和应力场预测进行疲劳性能影响规律及机理分析。试验结果表明:模拟叶片外物打伤后疲劳强度由51845 MPa降为29072 MPa,而激光能量为5 J和7 J强化工艺下疲劳强度分别提升至34449、37493 MPa。激光冲击引入高数值残余压应力场,大大改善了外物打伤区域的局部应力场分布,在显著提高外物打伤模拟叶片疲劳强度的同时,可承受更大的应力集中,也增大了疲劳缺口系数偏差。两种强化工艺中激光能量越大,产生的残余压应力场数值和深度越大,更加有效地降低裂纹扩展过程中的等效应力强度因子幅值,外物打伤模拟叶片疲劳强度和疲劳缺口系数偏差提高程度越大。      

GH4169晶粒尺寸的双目标超声评价方法

针对仅以评价准确性为目标的多超声评价方法易失去单调可评价性这一问题,同时以准确性、单调性为优化目标,提出一种面向GH4169晶粒尺寸的双目标多超声参数评价方法。根据相关性准则选取多超声参数,并构建二次多项式评价关系模型;以平均绝对误差为准确性评价目标,以斯皮尔曼相关系数为单调性评价目标,构建以评价模型待定参数为决策变量的双目标优化问题,并利用多目标优化算法求解获得最终的超声评价模型。结果表明:该方法所确定的模型的偏差与相对误差分别为3.05%与10.69%,这表明其准确度及稳定性均显著优于其他模型。     

基于ProCAST的高Nb-TiAl合金叶轮熔模铸造

通过铸造模拟软件ProCAST实现高Nb-TiAl合金叶轮熔模铸造充型凝固过程的模拟仿真,研究浇注充型工艺对合金熔体充型、缩孔缩松等充型凝固特性的影响,优化相应工艺;进行浇注实验与铸件的无损检测分析,并进行铸件的解剖分析验证缩孔缩松分布;使用附注试棒研究叶轮在室温和高温下的力学性能。结果表明:ProCAST软件对高Nb-TiAl铸件缩孔缩松预测较为准确,通过模拟仿真预测结果优化了工艺方案从而避免了铸件中大尺寸缩孔缩松的形成,在最终的铸件中只存在尺寸小于22μm的显微缩孔;所有铸件均实现完整充型,铸件室温抗拉强度约580 MPa,850℃高温抗拉强度约450 MPa。     

KMnO4对空间探测用SiC反射镜加工性能影响规律

SiC陶瓷作为新一代具有优异综合性能的反射镜材料,已在空间相机反射镜中得到了广泛应用。在SiC光学加工后期,需要进行表面改性以降低表面粗糙度提升表面质量,这将直接影响SiC反射镜的加工精度和周期,因此,有必要对其优化改进加工工艺。本文引入KMnO₄添加剂,分析了参与反应的化学反应机理,强氧化性在SiC试样表面发生化学反应,降低了金刚石微粉对SiC反射镜的磨削去量,实现了降低表面粗糙度的目的。通过工艺实验得以验证,系列金刚石微粉抛光Φ200 mm口径常压烧结SiC反射镜,添加KMnO₄后表面粗糙度相应减小,W7磨料达到了单独使用W3磨料抛光表面粗糙度的效果,W0.1磨料抛光后表面粗糙度S_q达到1.628 nm（4D,10×）,优于抛光表面改性SiC超光滑表面质量。KMnO₄添加剂的引入实现了SiC反射镜高效、高精度光学加工的目的。     

工业供应态LY12铝合金的超塑性

对工业供应态LY12铝合金棒材的超塑性进行了研究。结果表明 :该合金在温度为 75 3K、应变速率为 3.3× 10 - 4s- 1的拉伸变形条件下 ,断裂延伸率为 313% ,应变速率敏感性指数m值约为 0 .33;断裂延伸率的实验值与Ghosh Ayres公式的理论值吻合 ;超塑性变形的主导机制符合Langdon大晶粒模型