A new weighted mean temperature model in China

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been applied in meteorology to monitor the change of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) in atmosphere, transformed from Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD). A key factor in converting the ZWD into the PWV is the weighted mean temperature ($T_m$), which has a direct impact on the accuracy of the transformation. A number of Bevis-type models, like $T_m-T_s$ and $T_m-T_s\text{,}{P}_s$ type models, have been developed by statistics approaches, and are not able to clearly depict the relationship between $T_m$ and the surface temperature, $T_s$. A new model for $T_m$, called weighted mean temperature norm model (abbreviated as norm model), is derived as a function of $T_s$, the lapse rate of temperature, δ, the tropopause height, $h_{\mathit{trop}}$, and the radiosonde station height, $h_s$. It is found that $T_m$ is better related to $T_s$ through an intermediate temperature. The small effects of lapse rate can be ignored and the tropopause height be obtained from an empirical model. Then the norm model is reduced to a simplified form, which causes fewer loss of accuracy and needs two inputs, $T_s$ and $h_s$. In site-specific fittings, the norm model performs much better, with RMS values reduced averagely by 0.45 K and the Mean of Absolute Differences (MAD) values by 0.2 K. The norm model is also found more appropriate than the linear models to fit $T_m$ in a large area, not only with the RMS value reduced from 4.3 K to 3.80 K, correlation coefficient $R^2$ increased from 0.84 to 0.88, and MAD decreased from 3.24 K to 2.90 K, but also with the distribution of simplified model values to be more reasonable. The RMS and MAD values of the differences between reference and computed PWVs are reduced by on average 16.3% and 14.27%, respectively, when using the new norm models instead of the linear model.     

北斗卫星导航系统空间信号用户测距误差计算方法研究

按照空间信号用户测距误差（UserRangeError,URE）定义,参考GPS标准定位服务性能规范中URE的计算方法,结合北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）多星混合星座类型,在考虑仰角限制情况下,详细推导了适用于BDS的瞬时URE和均方根URE计算公式。利用广播星历和精密星历计算的卫星轨道误差和卫星钟钟差,带入所推导的公式,对BDSURE进行分析评估;并使用GNSS接收机原始观测量和伪距观测方程计算BDSURE,最后将两种计算结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,两种方法BDSURE的计算结果基本一致,在95%置信度情况下均小于2.5m,满足北斗公开服务性能规范中对空间信号URE的基本要求。     

基于飞行特性的倾转旋翼机变直径方案研究

变直径倾转旋翼机作为一种新构型倾转旋翼机，通过对其飞行特性进行仿真，可根据仿真结果为设计阶段的变直径方案选择提供设计依据。本文建立了变直径倾转旋翼机飞行性能计算模型和非线性飞行动力学模型，并对样机进行仿真计算。根据参数对于飞行性能及配平结果的影响，规划算例样机的旋翼直径变化范围、变直径时机及变直径操纵策略，得到样机最佳旋翼直径变化范围为0.7R～1.15R，最佳变直径时机为：360 km/h固定翼模式前飞时完成旋翼直径增大过程，250 km/h固定翼模式前飞时完成旋翼直径减小过程。同时基于西科夫斯基变直径旋翼设计了一种变截面扭管形式的变直径旋翼操纵策略。     

运载火箭整流罩内主动降噪控制技术

运载火箭整流罩内的声振环境对有效载荷的可靠性和发射任务的成败至关重要。为改善整流罩内低频声振问题，首先从数学原理上介绍了用于主动降噪(ANC)系统的自适应滤波器和通道辨识的方法;其次针对运载火箭整流罩特定情况，建立反馈式滤波最小均方值(FxLMS)-ANC系统控制模型，并在实验室环境下搭建硬件实验平台;最后针对噪声频谱分布的不同特点开展宽带、窄带、宽带与窄带组合式ANC实验。结果表明:采取ANC控制对噪声抑制效果明显，特别是对功率谱峰值所在的频点实施窄带降噪，降噪效果更为突出。实验室环境下所得的实验结论，验证了在运载火箭整流罩内ANC的潜力。     

节流水平对气液针栓喷注单元雾化特性的影响

为了分析气液针栓喷注单元雾化特性和雾化机制，采用背光成像技术和相位多普勒（PDA）系统进行试验研究，获得了雾化模式、体积流量分布、索泰尔平均直径（SMD）分布和速度场随节流水平的变化规律。结果表明：气液针栓喷注单元雾场形态为扇形雾场，雾化模式为剪切破碎。体积流量沿径向呈单峰形分布，随着节流水平降低，雾场外缘向中心收缩。SMD沿径向呈现递增规律，雾化最好的区域分布在雾场中心和两侧。SMD随节流水平增加而增大。当动量比不变时，节流水平对SMD的分布范围影响很小。针栓头部下方的中心回流区轴向尺寸随着节流水平降低而减小。     

后排转子直径对对转螺旋桨气动和声学特性的影响

基于非线性谐波法和声类比模型，研究了不同后排转子直径对对转螺旋桨气动特性和噪声的影响规律。首先，利用单排螺旋桨风洞试验结果验证了数值计算方法的可靠性。随后，以某型对转螺旋桨为研究对象，研究了6种具有不同后排转子直径的对转螺旋桨模型。研究发现，对转螺旋桨后排转子直径“裁剪”会降低后排螺旋桨的拉力系数和功率系数，但对效率的影响不明显。随着后排转子直径的减小，前排转子的叶片通过频率下的噪声几乎没有变化，但高阶噪声变化幅度较大。后排转子减小0.25倍直径，后排转子的叶片通过频率下的噪声降低约为9 dB。后排转子直径“裁剪”不仅可以降低后排转子噪声，在一定程度上也可以降低前排转子的噪声。通过叶片“裁剪”，对转螺旋桨气动噪声降低5~6 dB。对转螺旋桨后排转子直径的减小，减弱了对转螺旋桨叶尖涡干涉和尾迹干涉，并减弱了前后排桨叶的势流场干涉，进而降低了对转螺旋桨的噪声辐射。     

外圆无心磨削工艺对轴承套圈成型质量的影响

为了得到取消外圆修磨的外圆无心磨削工艺对轴承套圈外圈的影响规律，本文以6202深沟球轴承套圈外圈为研究对象，通过外圆无心磨削试验，分析了取消外圆修磨后新无心外圆磨削工艺对套圈圆度、直径的影响，并利用谐波控制原理分析磨削加工中谐波对轴承套圈外圈圆度的控制。研究结果表明：新工艺可以满足6062轴承套圈的尺寸精度要求，外圆无心磨削时采用加工余量先大后小的方法，有助于改善轴承套圈的外圆圆度，缩短工艺流程，减少生产时间，提高生产效率；无心磨削可以降低轴承套圈表面低次谐波的幅值，外圆超精加工可以有效降低套圈表面高次谐波，从而达到控制圆度的目的。取消外圆修磨的新磨削工艺不但能提高产品质量，还能提升生产效率。     

中弧线角度分布对跨音叶栅特性影响研究

中弧线角度分布形式对压气机叶片表面等熵马赫数分布具有重要的影响。为了对比不同压气机叶型的流动特征，采用数值模拟和平面叶栅试验相结合，对两种中弧线角度分布形式的跨音叶型在不同来流工况下的气动特性展开了详细研究。结果表明：在设计点，前加载配合均匀加载的中弧线角度分布叶型能够消除叶片吸力面的局部超音区，与前加载的中弧线角度分布叶型相比，叶片表面等熵马赫数分布更加饱满。其次，前加载配合均匀加载叶型能够推迟叶片吸力面的涡层失稳，减弱了吸力面分离涡与端壁分离涡的耦合作用，进而改善了端区的流动状况，截面平均总压损失系数降低了8.2%。最后，对非设计工况下两种中弧线角度分布的气动特性进行了分析，随着来流马赫数的降低，两种中弧线角度分布叶型的损失差异逐渐减小，均具有较优的气动性能。来流速度对叶片表面等熵马赫数、损失分布和分离面形状特征影响较小，仅影响叶片表面等熵马赫数和损失数值大小。     

Cramér-rao lower bound for pulsar rotation parameters estimation with X-ray pulsar observation data

In this paper, the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for estimating the rotation parameters of pulsars using X-ray pulsar observation data is deduced, and the calculation equation is presented. In order to verify the correctness of the deduced equation, we use the X-ray pulsar observation data to estimate pulsar rotation parameters, and obtain the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated pulsar rotation parameters through conducting repeated experiments. The experimental results suggest that when the observation time increases, the RMSE gradually approaches the estimated CRLB, and that when the observation time is 2.4 × 10⁶ s, the error between the RMSE of pulsar frequency estimation and the CRLB stays at 10^?11 order of magnitude. This verifies that the CRLB expression deduced in this paper is the theoretical lower bound for estimating pulsar rotation parameters. The deduced CRLB in this paper helps determine the minimum variance estimator for pulsar rotation parameter estimation using X-ray pulsar data, providing a benchmark for the comparison between the minimum variance estimator and other estimators.     

GGTm-Ts: A global grid model of weighted mean temperature (Tm) based on surface temperature (Ts) with two modes

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the detection of precipitable water vapor (PWV) using the GNSS atmospheric sounding technique becomes a research interest in GNSS meteorology. In the conversion of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) to PWV, the weighted mean temperature (Tm) plays a crucial role. Generally, the Tm estimated by the linear regression models based on surface temperature (Ts) cannot meet the requirement for global use, and the accuracy of Tm derived from the empirical models is limited. In this study, a new Tm model, named GGTm-Ts model, was developed using the global geodetic observing system (GGOS) atmosphere Tm data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data from 2011 to 2015. Resting upon a global 2.5°*2° grid of coefficients of Tm-Ts linear function, the new model can provide Tm at any site in two modes, one for the case with measured Ts provided, i.e., the accurate mode, the other for the case that Ts provided by a subroutine, i.e., the normal mode. The performance of GGTm-Ts model was assessed against the Bevis formula, GPT2w and GPT2wh model using different data sources in 2016-the GGOS atmosphere and radiosonde data. The results show that the GGTm-Ts model in accurate mode achieves best performance with an improvement of 46.9 %/15.3 %, 37.8 %/19.5 % and 34.4 %/14.2 % over other three models in the GGOS atmosphere/radiosonde comparison. For the normal mode, the GGTm-Ts model outperforms the GPT2w model and achieves equivalence results with the GPT2wh model. Moreover, the impact of Tm on GNSS-PWV was analyzed to validate the performance of the GGTm-Ts model.