区间不确定信息下可修系统基于幂律过程的贝叶斯可靠性评估方法研究

贝叶斯方法常用于小子样场合下航空航天等领域中可修系统的可靠性评估,由于一些不确定因素影响致使无法精确收集先验信息和/或可修系统的故障信息,但却可获得其上下界信息。针对区间不确定信息情形,提出多台可修系统当其失效过程服从幂律过程（PLP）时的贝叶斯可靠性分析方法,将信息先验下PLP模型基于区间信息的贝叶斯分析转化为所求目标函数恰是该先验下PLP模型传统贝叶斯分析的约束优化问题;通过具体工程实例对本文所提方法的可行性、有效性进行验证。结果表明：本文所提出的贝叶斯可靠性分析方法能够为小子样场合下,考虑不确定性因素影响时可修系统的可靠性评估问题研究提供一种值得参考的方法。     

Fuel-optimal and Energy-optimal guidance schemes for lunar soft landing at a desired location

Two guidance schemes (i) fuel-optimal (ii) energy-optimal to realize soft landing at a desired location on the moon are developed using the optimal control laws. The optimal control laws are obtained by solving a two-point boundary value problem formulated based on Pontryagin’s principle. The guidance laws, adapted from the optimal control laws, are obtained as a function of unknown co-state variables. Differential Transformation (DT) technique is employed to determine the unknown co-states at each time instant of landing trajectory using the information on the current vehicle state, target landing site (loaded on-board apriori) and the time-to-go. The numerical integration of co-state dynamics is avoided due to the DT based approach. The time-to-go, a critical parameter for any guidance scheme, is computed and updated real time using a simple strategy which uses the current and end states. The simple strategy for time-to-go works well even when the shape of the trajectory is nonlinear. Extensive analysis is carried out to evaluate and compare the proposed guidance schemes. Further, the proposed schemes are compared with other popular guidance schemes. The DT based proposed schemes help quantify the landing masses for fuel-optimal and energy-optimal objectives. Other features of the proposed schemes are that they do not assume constant gravity field and independent of reference trajectory.     

Capacity building in regional space cooperation: Asia-pacific space cooperation organization

The increasing gap in the space capabilities of different countries has led to the need for capacity building in modern times. Space capacity building of countries without or with limited space capacity via international cooperation with advanced spacefaring nations is a good practice towards intragenerational equity among all spacefaring countries, and between spacefaring and non-spacefaring countries at the same period of time. A case study is used here to show the current situation of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) and its member states that are associated with their space capacity building. The study finds that neither the satellite technology development model developed by Wood and Weigel (2011) nor the model developed by Ercan and Kale (2017) is a good fit for the development of space capability in all of the developing countries. Therefore, using the APSCO member states as a case study may offer guidelines towards the space capacity building of other developing countries. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the merits and flaws of APSCO’s capacity building programs through comparing them with similar projects carried out by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) and some other countries is conducive to providing some references for regional cooperation in the field of space capacity building. While international space law and the APSCO Convention can provide the general principles for capacity building activities under the framework of APSCO, they are only relevant to the development of scientific and technological capacities for space and human resources rather than organizational development and legal frameworks. Some international soft laws can likewise provide guidance for the capacity building activities of APSCO and its member states in the areas of international direct television broadcasting, remote sensing and cooperative way. To enhance its and its member states’ space capabilities, APSCO, in the context of space commercialization and maintaining the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA), should establish a comprehensive internal regime that addresses scientific and technological capacity building for space, human resources, organizational development and legal frameworks, a flexible regime for international cooperation with other developed spacefaring nations and international organizations with relevant technical capabilities and an internal research center for space law, and actively expand its membership by embracing other economically or technologically developed spacefaring nations in the Asia-Pacific region.     

轨道误差对空间站高精度时间比对的影响分析及修正方法

针对空间站飞行轨道的特点，从理论上分析了空间站轨道误差对单向和共视时间比对的影响，并通过仿真试验对理论分析结果进行校验，研究结果表明轨道误差对空间站时间比对的影响在几百皮秒量级，是影响空间站时间比对精度的主要误差源。提出一种适用于两个地面站间进行高精度时间比对的空间站轨道误差修正方法，通过仿真试验校验了该方法的有效性。试验结果表明，该方法能有效修正空间站轨道误差，实现精度在几十皮秒量级的两地面站间的超高精度时间比对，比对基线可达上千千米。     

Conceptual design,modeling and compliance characterization of a novel 2-DOF rotational pointing mechanism for fast steering mirror

In this paper, a novel 2-DOF rotational pointing mechanism (RPM) is designed inspired by the guidelines of the graphical approach. The mechanism integrates with a fast steering mirror (FSM) for compensating pointing errors of a laser beam. The design intends to achieve an angular travel of ±10 mrad and steers a 25 mm mirror aperture. A planar flexure with beam flexures accompanied in parallel with an axial flexure build-up mechanism configuration. Compliant mechanism-based RPM ensures high precision and compactness. Compliance characteristics are established based on the stiffness matrix method for four different planar flexure layouts. One layout with best in-plane rotational compliance is then assessed for performance sensitivity to mechanism dimension parameters and parasitic error, thus informing the design space. Rotational stiffness in both the in-plane rotational axes and stress is determined based on finite element analysis (FEA). The wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) is employed for developing the proof of concept for the RPM and is then assembled in FSM. Experiments are conducted to determine the rotational stiffness and angular travel about both in-plane rotational axes. Comparison among theoretical, numerical and experiments reveal excellent linearity of rotational stiffness along the rotational travel range. The maximum theoretical error is less than 5.5% compared with FEA while, the experimental error has a mean of 5% and 3% for both rotational axes thus satisfying the intended design requirement.     

中美大学生职业生涯规划指导模式的比较

多年的高校扩招,使大学生就业难成为全社会持续关注的热点.就业难的主要原因是人职难以匹配,其症结可归结为大学生没有清晰的职业发展目标,缺乏职业规划.大学生职业生涯规划指导在我国起步较晚,仅有十几年的时间,这一工作尚处于摸索阶段,难免问题多、效果不佳;而大学生职业生涯规划起源于美国,已经有上百年的发展历史,美国并且已经探索出一套行之有效的职业生涯规划指导模式.文章对中美高校职业生涯规划指导进行分析和对比,查找我国职业生涯规划指导存在的问题,总结美国职业生涯规划教育的经验,通过借鉴美国高校的经验,并结合我国的实际情况,探索适合我国大学生职业生涯规划指导的新模式.     

协同数据链的高精度时间同步设计

鉴于Link16中的RTT时间同步精度为百纳秒级别，针对其精度不高和需要GPS进行初始粗同步的缺点，本文分析了双向比对时间同步的各误差项，给出了各项误差消除或减小方法，最终能实现优于10 ns的时间同步精度，并首次提出不需要其它导航源进行初始粗同步的自主RTT算法。最后，在协同数据链动态自组织组网的需求下，对动态时隙分配时的RTT算法进行了分析，计算出对基准频率源的准确度要求，保证了改进算法在动态时隙分配时也能达到10 ns的精度。     

通用航空产业发展途径探讨

通用航空由于应用范围广且对经济有较强的拉动作用,受到了各级政府部门的重视,国家的＂十二五＂规划已经将其列为国家的战略新兴产业。针对我国通用航空发展极度落后的现状,分析了制约通用航空产业发展的主要因素,包括空域管制、通用航空法律法规不健全、专业人才短缺以及航空保障设施落后等,探讨了通用航空产业的发展途径,提出了加强宣传、政府主导、专业人才培养等一些有价值的建议。     

Optimum detection and location estimation of target lines in the range-time space of a search radar

The average likelihood ratio detector is derived as the optimum detector for detecting a target line with unknown normal parameters in the range-time data space of a search radar, which is corrupted by Gaussian noise. The receiver operation characteristics of this optimum detector is derived to evaluate its performance improvement in comparison with the Hough detector, which uses the return signal of several successive scans to achieve a non-coherent integration improvement and get a better performance than the conventional detector. This comparison, which is done through analytic derivations and also through simulation results, shows that the average likelihood ratio detector has a better performance for different SNR values. This result is justified by showing the disadvantages of the Hough method, which are eliminated by the optimum detector. To have an estimate for the location of the detected target line in the optimum detection method as the Hough method, which detects and localizes the target lines simultaneously, we present the maximum a posteriori probability estimator. The estimation performance of the two methods is then compared and it is shown that the maximum a posteriori probability estimator localizes the detected target lines with a better performance in comparison with the Hough method.     

Capturability of 3D RTPN guidance law against true-arbitrarily maneuvering target with maneuverability limitation

The capturability of the Three-Dimensional(3D) Realistic True Proportional Navigation(RTPN) guidance law is thoroughly analyzed. The true-arbitrarily maneuvering target is considered, which maneuvers along an arbitrary direction in 3D space with an arbitrary but upperbounded acceleration. The whole nonlinear relative kinematics between the interceptor and target is taken into account. First, the upper-bound of commanded acceleration of 3D RTPN is deduced,using a novel Lyapunov-like approach. Sec...