飞机发动机冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热分析

数值研究了某飞机发动机外侧冷气道与隔热层的耦合传热过程。采用低雷诺数k-ε模型与SIMPLEC算法计算通道内可压缩变物性气流的湍流对流换热,采用蒙特卡罗法求解通道壁面间的辐射换热。通道内气流湍流对流换热、壁面间辐射换热与隔热层内导热耦合求解。通过模拟计算,分析了通道与隔热层的耦合传热机制,考察了相关参数的影响。结果表明,在所考虑的通道结构与空气流条件下,冷气道外环壁面的温度高于气流温度,气流对内外环壁面均起冷却作用;在隔热层参数不变条件下,壁面间的辐射换热与气流的对流冷却是该传热过程的控制机制,增大冷气流量、降低壁面发射率均可显著降低隔热层的外壁面温度。     

Relationship of the diffuse aurora and SAR arc dynamics to substorms and storms

Investigation results of a diffuse aurora (DA) and stable auroral red (SAR) arc dynamics based on spectrophotometric observations at the Yakutsk meridian (199°E geomagnetic longitude) are presented. The relationship of an equatorward extension of DA in the 557.7 nm emission to a substorm growth phase during the magnetospheric convection intensification after the turn of IMF B_Z to the south is shown. The formation of SAR arc during the substorm expansion phase is investigated. The association of SAR arc dynamics with the development of asymmetric ring current (substorm injection) during the main phase of a storm is analyzed. It is shown how the pulsating precipitations of energetic ring current particles develop in the outer plasmasphere based on photometric observations.     

“Biospherics” approach for studies of natural and artificial ecosystems

The main unifying feature of natural and artificial ecosystems is their biotic turnover (cycling) of substances which is induced with energy fluxes. A new integrating scientific discipline – Biospherics – studies biotic cycles (both in experiments and in mathematical models) of different degree of closure and complexity. By its origin, Biospherics is to be connected with extensive studies of Biosphere by Russian academician Vladimir Vernadsky. He developed and used “empirical generalizations” based on innumerous observations, comparisons and reflections. His “bio-geo-chemical principles” of Biosphere and ecosystems development have more qualitative than quantitative nature. Quantitative criteria to evaluate the efficiency of natural and artificial ecosystems are to take into account energy fluxes and their use in ecosystems of different types. At least, three of them are of value for estimation of natural and artificial ecosystems’ functional activities. Energy principle of extensive development (EPED), energy principle of intensive development (EPID) and main universal (generalized) criterion (MUC). The last criterion (Principle) characterizes the specific cycling rate of limiting chemical elements in multi-organism systems, developing under external energy fluxes. Its value can be a quantitative measure of effectiveness for every ecosystem functioning, including our global Biosphere. Different examples of these (above-mentioned) integrated criteria actions are presented and analyzed in the paper.     

Convection of liquid with internal heat release in a rotating container

The convection of heat-generating fluid in a rotating horizontal cylinder is experimentally investigated. The threshold of convection excitation, the structure of convective flows and the heat transfer in the cylinder depending on the heat release capacity, liquid viscosity and aspect ratio of the cavity are studied. It is found that the average convection is excited by the thermovibrational mechanism —the gravity force, rotating in the cavity frame, produces the oscillations of non-isothermal fluid relative to the wall, which in turn result in excitation of mean convective flows. It is shown that the structure of convective flows depends on the dimensionless velocity of rotation. At relatively low rotation velocity the convection develops in the form of a periodic system of vortices regularly distributed along the cylinder axis. The threshold of excitation (critical value of vibration parameter) of three-dimensional vortex structures grows with rotation velocity. Above some definite rotation velocity the convection develops as two-dimensional rolls parallel to the axis of rotation. The threshold of two-dimensional structures excitation does not depend on the rotation velocity. Besides the structure of thermal convective flows the analysis of the relatively weak currents generated by the inertial waves below the threshold of convection is performed.     

航天器对流换热地面降压模拟的临界压力准则

航天器密封舱在地面模拟试验中常通过降压法抑制自然对流的影响,但降压比的选择 往往缺乏定量准则,这使得自然对流的抑制效果得不到保证。使用数值模拟方法确定临 界压力比,以几种典型航天器密封舱内的流动换热情况为例,分析了不同Gr／Re 2 数和压力比下密封舱内的流动换热情况。得到了舱内气体温度分布和对流换热系数。通 过比较空间情况和地面情况的计算结果,分析了自然对流给流动换热带来的影响,给出了判 断临界压力的准则式,并给出了临界Gr／Re 2数。结果表明：临界压力 的准则关系和密封舱的形状和内部结构无关。
     

DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID RANS / LES CODE AND ITS VALIDATION

A computational code based on the hybrid RANSLES approach is developed. The hybrid approach com- bines the delayed detached-eddy simulation（DDES） with an improved RANS-LES hybrid model aiming at wall modeling in LES（WMLES）. In the code, the convective flux is solved using the fourth-order skew-symmetric scheme so as to diminish the negative effect of numerical dissipation. The Spalart-Allmaras（S-A） model is applied as a suhgrid scale（SGS） model. To validate the developed code, homogeneous isotropic turbulence and turbulent channel flow are simulated and the results are compared with experimental data and DNS results. The results of the isotropic turbulence show that the fourth-order skew-symmetric scheme is adequate enough and the model works well coupling with the convective scheme. The results of the turbulent channel flow agree well with the DNS data, the predicted velocity profiles at Reynolds number from 178 to 2 700 match well with the Reichardt＇s law, and the organized vortical structures are well captured.     

真实蜂巢的力学分析和航天载荷结构仿生设计

自然界的真实蜂巢与工业上常用的蜂窝三明治夹层结构存在构型上的差异。对比二者的差异并分别进行三维建模。然后利用有限元分析方法,对二者因结构差异而导致的力学性能的差异进行对比分析,得到两种结构在受到轴向力和径向力时其变形和内部应力分布的区别。通过对仿真结果的分析,揭示真实蜂巢在力学性能方面所具备的独特生物学智慧,且将真实蜂巢独特的力学性能特性应用到某些航天载荷的结构设计上,取得了良好的效果。     

Experimental investigation of transient thermal behavior of an airship under different solar radiation and airflow conditions

Knowledge of the thermal behavior of airships is crucial to the development of airship technology. An experiment apparatus is constructed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of airships, and the transient temperature distributions of both hull and inner gas are obtained under the irradiation of a solar simulator and various airflow conditions. In the course of the research, the transient temperature change of the experimental airship is measured for four airflow speeds of 0 m/s (natural convection), 3.26 m/s, 5.5 m/s and 7.0 m/s, and two incident solar radiation values of 842.4 W/m² and 972.0 W/m². The results show that solar irradiation has significant influence on the airship hull and inner gas temperatures even if the airship stays in a ground airflow environment where the heat transfer is dominated by radiation and convection. The airflow around the airship is conducive to reduce the hull temperature and temperature nonuniformity. Transient thermal response of airships rapidly varies with time under solar radiation conditions and the hull temperature remains approximately constant in ∼5–10 min. Finally, a transient thermal model of airship is developed and the model is validated through comparison with the experimental data.     

航空发动机主轴承热分析边界条件处理方法

为了提高航空发动机主推力球轴承热分析的计算精度,对轴承的摩擦发热和对流换热边界条件进行了分类及研究。应用ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用将摩擦热按体积生热率处理和将摩擦热按热流密度处理的2种不同方式,对边界条件进行了加载,分别对试验器状态的发动机主轴承进行了热分析计算,并与试验测量结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:采用表面效应单元加载热流密度的方式得到的轴承温度分布更理想,内部热点温度更集中,热点温度比按体积生热率加载的高。2种边界条件处理方法均已应用到航空发动机润滑系统热分析中,提高了航空发动机润滑系统热分析的准确性。     

条缝肋管风冷换热器传热系数计算及最佳设计

介绍了近似计算空调常用条缝肋片管风冷换热器传热系数及流动阻力的数学模拟, 计算方法和试验比较吻合, 说明计算方法是可行的、实用的。对风冷换热器进行优化设计和原产品对比, 效果明显, 说明优化设计是可行的。