火星再入飞行器风洞试验与真实飞行之间相关性的探讨

由于风洞试验条件限制,难以完全模拟火星再入飞行器真实飞行环境,因此需要建立火星再入飞行器风洞条件与真实飞行之间的关联关系。基于国外文献公开数据,采用数值方法和对比分析方法探讨了类"探路者号"外形的火星再入飞行器的风洞试验与真实飞行之间的外推方法。结果表明,在高焓空气风洞和常规空气风洞试验条件下,可以将模型驻点附近的无量纲压力和压力系数作为相关性参数,将风洞条件与飞行条件相关联起来,但是不能直接利用风洞试验的热流、无量纲热流和Stanton数作为关联参数;在高焓CO₂风洞试验条件下,可以利用模型驻点附近的无量纲压力、压力系数和Stanton数作为外推参数,但是不能直接将风洞试验的热流、无量纲热流作为相关性参数,将风洞条件下的风洞数据通过外推获取飞行条件下飞行器的性能参数。      

火星空间大尺度电流体系分布特征

在MHD模型基础上, 对火星空间环境的电流分布进行了模拟. 结果表明, 火星空间存在着弓激波电流、磁堆积区电流、电离层电流和磁尾电流. 弓激波电流在激波曲面上均由北向南自成体系, 电流密度在弓激波顶区域较大. 在向阳面磁堆积区边界电流与电离层电流彼此耦合形成完整的回路, 在背阳面磁堆积区边界电流与磁尾中心电流片耦合形成完整的回路.      

Planetary protection implementation on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission

In August 2005 NASA launched a large orbiting science observatory, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), for what is scheduled to be a 5.4-year mission. High resolution imaging of the surface is a principal goal of the mission. One consequence of this goal however is the need for a low science orbit. Unfortunately this orbit fails the required 20-year orbit life set in NASA Planetary Protection (PP) requirements [NASA. Planetary protection provisions for robotic extraterrestrial missions, NASA procedural requirements NPR 8020.12C, NASA HQ, Washington, DC, April 2005.]. So rather than sacrifice the science goals of the mission by raising the science orbit, the MRO Project chose to be the first orbiter to pursue the bio-burden reduction approach.     

Dynamic modeling and optimization for space logistics using time-expanded networks

This research develops a dynamic logistics network formulation for lifecycle optimization of mission sequences as a system-level integrated method to find an optimal combination of technologies to be used at each stage of the campaign. This formulation can find the optimal transportation architecture considering its technology trades over time. The proposed methodologies are inspired by the ground logistics analysis techniques based on linear programming network optimization. Particularly, the time-expanded network and its extension are developed for dynamic space logistics network optimization trading the quality of the solution with the computational load. In this paper, the methodologies are applied to a human Mars exploration architecture design problem. The results reveal multiple dynamic system-level trades over time and give recommendation of the optimal strategy for the human Mars exploration architecture. The considered trades include those between In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) and propulsion technologies as well as the orbit and depot location selections over time. This research serves as a precursor for eventual permanent settlement and colonization of other planets by humans and us becoming a multi-planet species.     

一种燃料最省的火星精确着陆动力下降段快速轨迹优化方法

针对火星精确着陆问题,给出一种燃料最省的火星着陆动力下降段快速轨迹优化方法。首先以燃料最省为指标建立了着陆器动力下降段轨迹优化问题模型,然后利用极大值原理对该模型的推力大小、推力方向与协状态变量之间的关系进行分析,得出着陆器推力只能以最大或最小推力工作、推力方向和与速度对应的协状态矢量方向相同的结论。并以此为基础,将原问题的状态微分方程和协状态微分方程转换为有限个推力为常值的分段函数,推导每段内微分方程的解析表达式,给出了动力下降段轨迹优化方法的算法流程;最后通过数学仿真将所提出的方法与凸规划、多项式制导方法进行比较。结果表明该方法不仅避免了多项式方法没有考虑推力约束及燃料消耗的缺陷,而且在计算效率方面较凸规划方法有大幅度提高。     

火星探测器推进系统初步设想

火星探测是深空探测的重要内容之一,全面了解和掌握火星探测器的特点对进行火星探测具有重要意义.本文分析了国外火星探测器推进系统的系统组成和工作原理,介绍了我国火星探测器推进系统的初步设计方案,结合工程应用现状,提出了火星探测器推进系统的关键技术.     

火星探测器热环境模拟与试验技术探讨

为保证火星探测器的可靠运行,需要对其进行真空热试验和火星表面热环境模拟试验。文章通过对国外火星探测器热试验的调研,梳理出热试验所涉及的关键技术。并通过对行星际空间热环境和火星表面热环境特点的分析,结合国外相关热环境模拟设备的研制使用情况,探讨不同热环境的地面模拟方法,可为我国火星探测器热环境试验设备的研制及开展相关热试验提供技术参考。     

升力式火星探测器进入轨迹优化设计仿真

针对升力式火星探测器在其完成星际转移轨道之后,由预定进入点开始反冲制动改变运行轨道进入火星大气,设计并仿真了进入段的轨迹优化。根据火星的大气密度及引力场参数,建立相应的火星大气模型及引力场模型,确定了升力式火星探测器的运动方程。在满足进入过程的约束条件下,采用遗传算法对进入轨道进行优化设计,提出不同的推力发动机制动方案并进行分析比较。结果表明,采用推力方案二能够实现性能指标最优,并求得着陆速度为136m/s,最终实现了探测器在火星表面的软着陆。     

扰动环境下火星精确着陆自主轨迹规划方法

针对扰动环境下火星精确着陆动力下降段自主轨迹规划问题,在终端时间自由条件下,研究了基于序列凸优化方法的自主轨迹规划方法。首先,在终端自由情况下,建立初始状态无扰动轨迹预规划问题。其次,结合鲁棒Tube-MPC思想,针对线性反馈控制律,建立扰动环境下着陆轨迹重规划问题,分析重规划问题的可行性,给出了预规划问题可行的必要性条件,为控制参数的选取提供参考,提出扰动环境下火星精确着陆自主轨迹规划框架。然后,针对终端自由问题,将飞行时域映射到单位时间,建立序列凸优化子问题,对子问题进行线性近似,使用序列凸优化方法进行求解并分析了收敛解的最优性。最后,进行数值仿真,验证扰动环境下火星精确着陆自主轨迹规划方法的有效性。     

MCAV/IMU integrated navigation for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL

Pin-point landing is considered as a key technology for future manned Mars landing and Mars base missions. The traditional inertial navigation system (INS) based guidance, navigation and control (GNC) mode used in the Mars entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase has no ability to achieve the precise and safe Mars landing, so novel EDL GNC methodologies should be investigated to meet this goal. This paper proposes the MCAV/IMU integrated navigation scheme for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL. The Miniature Coherent Altimeter and Velocimeter (MCAV) is adopted to correct the inertial bias and drift and improve the performance of integrated navigation. Altitude and velocity information derived from MCAV and the lander’s state information sensed by inertial measurement unit (IMU) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.