切削工具材料的发展综述

具体介绍切削工具材料如高速钢、硬质合金、陶瓷、金属陶瓷、刀具涂层技术、超硬材料的演变和进展。     

复杂构型金属橡胶毛坯铺设路径规划

基于金属橡胶毛坯自动化铺设工艺,对遗传算法进行合理改进,进行了复杂构型金属橡胶毛坯铺设的定位销优化设计和路径规划。针对定位销优化设计和路径规划问题,建立了改进的编码、交叉、变异算子,并提出评价因子对遗传算法的迭代过程进行评价。优化的定位销排布和铺设路径可以较好地实现复杂构型金属橡胶毛坯铺设,铺设10层时,优化路径对应的目标函数b的值比经验路径小54%,路径规划作用显著。单层路径规模对铺设效果影响较小;单层路径规模不同时,毛坯内部接触状态随着铺设螺旋卷长度的增加趋于一致。为复杂构型金属橡胶毛坯铺设提供了理论依据。      

金属微滴水平喷射关键参数调控机制及试验

均匀金属微滴喷射3D打印技术是一种极具应用前景的空间金属增材制造技术,明晰其重力敏感度是实现该技术空间化应用的前提。在地基条件下,将熔滴喷射沉积方向翻转至水平状态是直观反映其打印过程重力效应的有效方法。针对熔滴水平稳定喷射调控的难题,建立了熔滴水平喷射流体力学模型及压电激振动力学模型,通过试验,探究了熔滴水平喷射不稳定形成机制,明晰了不同喷射行为下的激振特性,揭示了熔滴水平稳定喷射调控规律。结果表明：压电模块驱动信号（脉宽、幅值）对激振杆振动特性影响极为显著,激振杆行程随幅值或脉宽的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化规律;通过改变激振杆振动特性可调控熔滴直径、初始喷射速度及喷射稳定性,熔滴直径随幅值增大而减小,但受脉宽影响不大,而喷射速度与幅值及脉宽均正相关。基于此,试验得到了尺寸均匀的金属熔滴,并水平沉积打印出与设计模型一致的结构特征。     

磁层中重离子O＋通量密度分布的理论研究

应用求解得到的分布函数，研究了北半球子午面内极光带区起源的重离子Ｏ＋在磁层中的通量密度定态分布及其特性．结果表明：（１）重离子Ｏ＋通量密度分布沿ＧＳＭＺ轴方向呈峰状结构，其峰值随地心距离增大而减小，在近地空间减小较快；（２）磁扰动时，Ｏ＋离子占据的空间范围较磁宁静时大，通量峰较不突出；（３）理论估算的磁尾等离子体片边界层附近重离子Ｏ＋通量密度与观测结果相一致．     

硼酸金属化合物的制备及其电催化活性

采用电化学沉积法于室温、碱性条件下在氧化铟锡(ITO,Indium Tin Oxide)表面制备了硼酸钴(CoBi)、硼酸镍(NiBi)、硼酸锰(MnBi)、硼酸铑(RhBi)、硼酸钯(PdBi)几种无定形的硼酸金属化合物薄膜,并对其形貌和结构进行表征,结果表明几种薄膜均为无定形结构.将这几种硼酸金属化合物应用于电化学催化水氧化制氧,对比其催化活性,发现CoBi,NiBi,RhBi具有较高的催化性能,而MnBi和PdBi催化活性较低.进一步研究硼酸pH值对CoBi电催化水分解的影响.发现硼酸有利于金属化合物的制备,pH7~11范围内,HBO₃^2-作为质子受体含量逐渐增大,能接受放氧过程产生的质子,促进催化水分解过程的进行.所得催化剂可自我修复,实现循环利用.     

机载计算机雷电防护研究

介绍了雷电的形成和危害,机载计算机雷电防护的要求和标准,各种雷电防护器件的特点,分析了雷电防护的方法和电路拓扑,防护器件的参数计算及选择。雷电防护研究是一门试验科学,设计是否合理必须通过相关试验进行验证。     

A model of the effects of heavy ion radiation on human tissue

In heavy ion radiotherapy and space travel humans are exposed to energetic heavy ions (C, Si, Fe and others). This type of irradiation often produces more severe biological effects per unit dose than more common X-rays. A new Monte Carlo model generates a physical space with the complex geometry of human tissue or a cell culture based model of tissue, which is affected by the passage of ionizing radiation. For irradiation, the model relies on a physical code for the ion track structure; for tissues, cellular maps are derived from two- or three-dimensional confocal microscopy images using image segmentation algorithm, which defines cells as pixilated volumes. The model is used to study tissue-specific statistics of direct ion hits and the remote ion action on cells. As an application of the technique, we considered the spatial pattern of apoptotic cells after heavy ion irradiation. The pattern of apoptosis is modeled as a stochastic process, which is defined by the action cross section taken from available experimental data. To characterize the degree of apoptosis, an autocorrelation function that describes the spatial correlation of apoptotic cells is introduced. The values of the autocorrelation function demonstrate the effect of the directionality of the radiation track on the spatial arrangements of inactivated cells in tissue. This effect is intrinsic only to high linear-energy-transfer radiation.     

低密度闭孔金属泡沫压缩屈服行为的数值模拟

对低密度闭孔金属泡沫的变形过程进行数值模拟是研究泡沫材料力学及失效行为的重要手段.基于Kelvin多倍胞体模型和有限元方法数值模拟了低密度闭孔泡沫铝的压缩变形的过程,给出了压缩变形曲线并确定了压缩屈服强度.在计算过程中,考虑了材料非线性和几何非线性效应以及胞体倍数对应力-应变关系的影响,并采用理想弹-塑性和线性强化弹-塑性两种材料本构关系来考察其对于泡沫铝非线性压缩力学行为的影响.结果表明,有限元计算的结果与一些文献的理论工作有较好的一致性,但是比实验值偏大.     

Induction of genomic instability after an acute whole-body exposure of mice to Fe ions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dose–response relationships for the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) as a measure of both initial radiation damage and the induction of genomic instability. These measurements were made in mouse blood erythrocytes as a function of radiation dose, radiation quality, time after irradiation, and the genetic background of exposed individuals. Blood samples were collected from two strains of mouse (CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J) at different times up to 3 months following a whole-body exposure to various doses of 1 GeV/amu ⁵⁶Fe ions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 Gy, at the dose rate of a 1 Gy/min) or ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 Gy, at the dose rate of 0.72 Gy/min). Blood-smear slides were stained with acridine orange (AO). The frequencies of MN were measured in mature normochromatic-erythrocytes (MN-NCEs) and in immature polychromatic-erythrocytes (MN-PCEs). Effects of both types of radiation on erythropoiesis were also evaluated. As a measure of cell progression delay, a dose-dependent decrease in numbers of PCEs was observed at day 2 post-exposure in both strains, regardless of radiation quality. Subsequently, the levels of PCEs increased in all exposed mice, reaching control levels (or higher) by day 7 post-exposure. Further, at day 2 after the exposure, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-PCEs in CBA/CaJ mice exposed to ⁵⁶Fe ions while the frequency of MN-PCEs elevated as a function of dose in the C57BL/6J mice. At day 4, there was no dose related increase in MN-NCEs in either strain of mouse exposed to ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays. Additionally, at the early sacrifice times (days 2 and 4), ⁵⁶Fe ions were slightly more effective (per unit dose) in inducing MN-NCEs than ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays in CBA/CaJ mice. However, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-NCEs at late times after an acute exposure to either type of radiation. In contrast, both types of radiation induced increased MN-PCEs frequencies in irradiated CBA/CaJ mice, but not C57BL/6J mice, at late times post-exposure. This finding indicates the potential induction of genomic instability in hematopoietic cells of CBA/CaJ mice by both types of radiation. The finding also demonstrates the influence of genetic background on radiation-induced genomic instability in vivo.     

金属橡胶材料吸声特性试验与分析

根据已经建立的金属橡胶材料的吸声理论模型,采用阻抗管法对不同参数下金属橡胶材料的吸声系数和声阻抗进行了试验测量和研究.进一步考察了金属橡胶结构参数(丝径、厚度、孔隙率、背后空腔深度等)对其吸声特性的影响及影响规律.并与该理论模型的计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了该模型的准确性,进而为金属橡胶在吸声降噪方面的工程应用提供了试验方法,为进一步完善该理论奠定基础.