Consequences of the application of the streamer fluid model to the study of the sprite inception mechanism

We present the results of a streamer-fluid model used to investigate the electrodynamical coupling between the troposphere and upper atmosphere due to the penetration of lightning electric fields into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere, generating sprites. The model solves the continuity equation for electrons and ions coupled to Poisson equation. The dominant physical response of the atmosphere is the formation of a screening-ionization wave. The wave shields the atmosphere above it from the action of the lightning field and, together with the conductivity reduction below it due to attachment, the wave amplifies the total field below it, allowing for the penetration of intense electric fields in the mesosphere as it propagates downwards into regions of higher density that compress the wave. This is the key physical mechanism for sprite inception. We evaluated the effects of the thundercloud charge geometry, lightning current waveshape, atmospheric conductivity, via different electron density profiles, and the effect of ionization, attachment and electron mobility coefficients in the electrical breakdown process, related to halo production, and sprite streamer initiation. The results showed that electrons with higher mobility are more efficient in shielding the lightning electric field before breakdown, causing delay, and they contribute to the formation of the streamer seed after breakdown, anticipating the sprite streamer inception. Similarly, a higher effective ionization rate, produced by modifications in the attachment and ionization coefficients, anticipates sprite inception. The simulations with 6 different electron density profiles, and therefore conductivities, spanning 4 orders of magnitude, showed that the altitude of breakdown and sprite initiation, as well as their time delays from the lightning discharge are directly related to atmospheric conductivity: higher conductivities produce halo and sprite inception at lower altitudes with longer delays and may hinder sprite formation. We document that variations of 30 times in the lightning current leads to sprite initiation altitudes in the range 66.0–73.5 km, with delays between 1.550 and 34.500 ms, while variations of 4 orders of magnitude in the conductivity profile lead to initiation altitudes 61.0–70.6 km, with delays in the range 3.825–9.825 ms. Consequently, we suggest that lightning characteristics dominate over atmospheric parameters in determining sprites’ initiation altitude and delay. The simulation of a −CG, with a constant current of 30 kA, did not produce a sprite seed, confirming an asymmetry in the response of the atmosphere to positive and negative lightning. This is due to the free electron drift direction that is away from the screening ionization wave, preventing the formation of the streamer seed for the great majority of −CGs. The same does not apply to halos, which depend on the occurrence of breakdown and can be produced by discharges of both polarities.     

一种滤波SST方法在翼型深失速模拟中的应用

 为了提高原始剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型对于分离流动的求解精度,将大涡模拟(LES)中的滤波因子和SST方程相结合构造出一种滤波SST方法,利用湍流尺度对流场求解区域进行划分,近壁面附近的稳态流动由湍流模型控制,远壁面采用LES方法进行模拟。与传统混合RANS/LES方法相比,该方法的特点是:滤波因子的选取不再依赖于网格尺度,可以有效地降低网格诱导分离现象发生的概率。采用该方法对NACA0021翼型深失速特性进行了仿真研究,对比了非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方法和SST-DES方法,从仿真结果可以看出滤波SST方法有效地激活了分离区域的脉动,充分展现了分离的三维特性;同时算例求解结果证明该方法的精度高于URANS方法,与试验结果吻合较好,显示其具有一定的工程应用价值。     

T型尾翼风洞颤振实验保护装置绕流特性分析

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程,对T型尾翼风洞实验流场进行了模拟,分析了保护装置对T型尾翼风洞实验流场的影响,研究了保护装置几何外形和保护装置基座后移距离对流场影响。通过对平尾气动力的分析以及对非定常流场的对比,可以得出：采用NACA系列翼型对基座进行气动整流后,基座两侧局部超声速区显著减小,局部激波减弱甚至消失,流场品质得到改善。且采用NACA0010翼型对基座修形后的结果最理想。随着保护装置基座后移距离的增加,平尾气动力均方根值和波动值先是急剧减小,达到0.85倍平均气动弦长后开始有所增大,在2.45～4.05倍平均气动弦长范围基本不再变化,稳定到单独T型尾翼模型相应系数1倍左右。此结论对T型尾翼风洞颤振实验保护装置设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Satellite formation reconfiguration and station-keeping using state-dependent Riccati equation technique

The current paper presents optimal reconfigurations and formation-keeping for formation flying satellites. The state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique is utilized as a non-linear controller for both the reconfiguration problem and formation-keeping problem. For the SDRE controller, a state-dependent coefficient (SDC) form is formulated to include non-linearities in the relative dynamics and J₂ orbital perturbation. The Taylor series and a transformation matrix are used to establish the SDC form. Optimal reconfiguration trajectories that minimize energy in satellite formation flying are obtained by the SDRE controller and compared with those obtained from a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and a linear parameter varying (LPV) control method. It is illustrated that the SDRE non-linear controller of the current study obtains relocation accuracy of less than 0.1% of formation base-line length, while the LQR controller and LPV controller yield relatively large relocation errors. The formation-keeping controller developed using the SDRE technique in the current study also provides robustness under severe orbital perturbations.     

基于节点电压增量方程的电路故障子网络诊断

基于节点电压增量方程的电路故障诊断方法通常用来诊断线性电路中的元器件级的故障情况.本文将其推广应用于诊断大规模线性模拟电路中子网络级故障以简化测前仿真,提高诊断效率.     

三维翼面结冰过程及其影响数值研究

为得到三维机翼及翼身尾构型在结冰条件大气中的结冰过程和影响,采用结构化网格对M6机翼和翼身尾构结冰过程进行数值模拟,对飞机结冰过程的数值模拟采用欧拉两相流法求解水滴撞击特性,基于Messinger热力学模型模拟冰形增长过程,对其水滴撞击特性、结冰形状及结冰后对气动特性影响进行研究.分析结果可得:机翼展向,随着弦长变小,结冰量逐渐增多,尤其对大展弦比机翼更为明显.同时机身前端迎风面也是比较容易积冰的区域.     

基于 PIV 速度场测量重构压强场的研究进展

利用PIV测量得到的速度场数据重构空间压强场是一种新颖的压强测量方法。目前国外的一些仿真计算和风洞实验已经证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。本文首先详细介绍了基于PIV速度场测量重构压强场的基本原理--两种压强梯度计算方法（拉格朗日方法和欧拉方法）和两种压强积分方法（平面 Poisson 法和直接空间积分法）,然后从速度场测量、压强梯度计算和压强分布计算3个方面综述了基于PIV速度场测量重构空间压强场的关键技术及相关的研究进展,最后从 PIV 速度测量的改进、参数的优化设置、算法的改进与创新、探索并完善3D压强分布计算、可压缩流动条件下的压强重构技术等5个方面探讨了该方法的发展方向,以期引起国内同行对该技术的高度重视并为其进一步发展提供一定的参考。     

基于变步长CFD/RBD方法的旋转弹轨迹仿真

采用变步长方法实现非定常Navier-Stokes方程和刚体六自由度运动方程的耦合求解,并对美国ARL旋转弹试验模型的飞行轨迹进行了仿真。旋转弹自由飞行过程中受到空气阻力作用,转速下降,气动力变化趋缓。因此轨迹仿真时先选取较小的时间步长,随着转速的下降逐渐增大步长,这样可以减少计算时间。刚体六自由度运动方程的数值求解采用变步长Adams预估校正法。将定步长和变步长两种方法应用于旋转弹实验模型轨迹仿真,并将计算得到的旋转弹空间位置、姿态角与试验结果进行了对比,结果显示:方法能较精确地仿真旋转弹飞行轨迹。在相同初始步长条件下,变步长方法较定步长方法计算时间减半;在相同计算时间条件下,变步长方法较定步长方法精度更高。     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

基于兰彻斯特方程的战斗机超视距空战隐身效能分析

随着军事科技的进步,超视距空战逐步成为了现代与未来空战的主要战斗方式.而隐身技术作为提高战斗机空战能力的主要手段之一,正被各国所关注.本文通过分析基于影响图的兰彻斯特微分方程,对战斗机在超视距空战中的隐身效能进行了分析.最后给出算例,计算了不同RCS下的战斗机超视距空战交换比,从而分析了战斗机RCS对战场走势的影响.