A material experiment for small satellites to characterise the behaviour of carbon nanotubes in space – development and ground validation

Over the last years, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) drew interdisciplinary attention. Regarding space technologies a variety of potential applications were proposed and investigated. However, no complex data on the behaviour and degradation process of carbon nanotubes under space environment exist. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance of these new materials in space environment and to revaluate the application potential of CNTs in space technologies.Hence, CiREX (Carbon Nanotubes – Resistance Experiment) was developed as a part of a student project. It is a small and compact experiment, which is designed for CubeSat class space satellites. These are a class of nanosatellites with a standardized size and shape. The CiREX design, electrical measurements and the satellites interfaces will be discussed in detail. CiREX is the first in-situ space material experiment for CNTs.To evaluate the data obtained from CiREX, ground validation tests are mandatory. As part of an extensive test series the behaviour of CNTs under solar ultra violet light (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) was examined. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and MWNT/resin composite (ME) were exposed to different light sources. After the exposure, the defect density was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. There is a clear indication that UV and VUV light can increase the defect density of untreated CNTs and influence the electrical behaviour.     

碳纳米管在吸波材料中的研究与应用

碳纳米管是一种有前途的微波吸收剂,可以作为潜在的隐身材料、电磁屏蔽材料或暗室吸波材料使用.本文综述了近年来国内外通过碳纳米管碳化学镀改性、纳米管与聚合物共混、纳米管与铁磁材料杂化来制备微波吸收剂的研究成果和存在的问题,提出了碳纳米管作为吸波材料今后的发展方向.     

Enhanced electrothermal effect of carbon fibrous composites decorated with high conductive carbon nanotube webs

Literature has demonstrated that Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can greatly enhance the electrical conductivity and matrix-dominated mechanical properties of fibrous composites. However, electrothermal coupling effect of CNTs on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) has scarcely been considered. This work prepared and introduced thin and porous CNT webs to the surface or/and interface of a CFRP to enhance its electrothermal properties. The results show that CNT webs can enhance the transverse electrical conductivities of the CFRP by 231%−519% in a current range of 50–150 mA, when compared to the base-CFRP. Also, the surface temperature of CNT webs decorated CFRP can be improved by 20.5–32.3 °C within 3 min showing a self-heating rate of 6.8–10.8 °C/min just with an applied voltage of 20–30 V, increased by 152%−177% when compared to the base-CFRP (2.7–3.9 °C/min). Also, deicing can be finished within 4–10 min with a voltage of 18 V and an input power of 246 W/m². Moreover, the electrothermal processes nearly have no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the CFRP. The relatively low input power and short response time for deicing make the CNT webs decorated CFRP may be a potential new generation for aeronautical deicing structure.     

碳纳米管在环氧树脂中的分散性

通过调整工艺条件,制得不同分散性的碳管改性环氧树脂,分别采用静置观察法、黏度法、细度法对分散性进行宏观表征。结果表明:碳管的分散性越好,环氧树脂的黏度越大、细度越低、保存时间越长;三种方法均可以表征碳纳米管的分散均匀性;黏度法和细度法可以实现碳管分散性的快速评价,但均需找出具体的评价标准。通过建立刮板细度与碳管分散性的对应关系,可以快速表征碳管的分散性,简便易行。     

原位聚合法制备多壁碳纳米管-聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑纳米复合材料

采用强氧化性酸处理多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs),形成官能化的多壁碳纳米管(FMWNTs),用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、光电子能谱(XPS)对处理前后MWNTs的表面官能团进行了分析,并利用原位聚合法成功制备了FMWNTS-PBO纳米复合材料。结果表明,碳纳米管经过酸处理后,表面含有较多羰基和羟基的极性官能团,FMWNTs-PBO纤维的钩接强度比同条件下PBO纤维的钩接强度高出30%。文中给出了FMWNTs和PBO低聚物的聚合机理。     

碳纳米管对环氧树脂力学性能的影响

用浇铸成型法制备了碳纳米管／环氧树脂复合材料，研究了其力学性能，并探讨了该材料的微观结构与性能之间的关系。结果表明，碳纳米管对环氧树脂具有明显增强增韧作用。在碳纳米管加入量为3.0％(质量分数)时，复合材料的综合性能较好，拉伸强度、拉伸模量及断裂伸长率较纯树脂分别提高了90％-100％、60％-70％、150％-200％。     

镀镍碳纳米管的制备及电磁性能

将碳纳米管经过纯化、敏化、活化处理后,采用化学镀方法制备镀镍碳纳米管,利用DSC分析出合适的热处理温度,然后在惰性气体保护下进行退火处理.利用TEM、EDS、XRD对退火前后镀镍碳纳米管的形貌、元素组成、结构进行表征.结果表明:碳纳米管表面被成功镀上了一层镍磷合金,热处理后镀层更光滑,并发生晶化反应得到晶态镍,使得电磁性能得到较大提升.电性能测试表明,镀镍碳纳米管的电导率为450 S/m,热处理后提高到1400 S/m.磁性能测试表明,镀镍碳纳米管热处理前后均表现为软磁性,热处理前饱和磁化强度为2.753 emu/g,热处理后提高到11.254 emu/g.     

对苯二胺功能化多壁碳纳米管的制备与表征

通过将浓硫酸和浓硝酸处理过的多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）与SOCl2回流进而与对苯二胺（p-PDA）反应,得到了p-PDA功能化的多壁碳纳米管（p-MWNTs）。首次采用Raman光谱、X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、热重分析（TGA）对p-MWNTs的结构和性能进行研究。结果表明：化学修饰过程没有过多地降低p-MWNTs表面石墨片层的结构规整度,苯胺基团以3.7%的表面含量通过酰胺键连接到p-MWNTs表面;p-MWNTs在200-500℃范围内热失重9.47%,间接地证明了苯胺基团通过化学键连接在p-MWNTs的表面;经化学修饰反应后,有较多的缺陷和不导电的有机官能团分布在p-MWNTs表面,但p-MWNTs仍具有71.69 S/cm的室温电导率。     

纳米复合吸波材料的研究进展

纳米吸波材料是解决电磁污染和雷达隐身的关键因素之一,能提高电子系统的电磁兼容性和隐身装备的突防能力.目前正在研究覆盖厘米波、毫米波、红外、可见光等波段的纳米复合吸波材料.介绍了纳米吸波剂的吸波剂机理,综述了其研究现状,并对纳米薄膜吸波剂、纳米陶瓷吸波剂、纳米铁氧体吸波剂和化学表面修饰纳米碳管吸波剂进行了探讨,总结了各自的有缺点.最后对制备强、宽、轻、薄的纳米复合吸波剂进行了展望.     

微纳卫星新型动力系统研究进展

微纳卫星指采用现代技术、微电子技术、机械技术等设计制造的具有高性价比的现代微小卫星。因其具有发射成本低廉、应用灵活等特点,微纳卫星受到各国的广泛关注。微纳卫星动力系统具有良好的发展前景。本文综述了微纳卫星动力系统的发展现状,针对自中和射频离子推力器、离子液体推力器、碳纳米管阵列推力器、石墨烯材料光驱动等几种新型且有望用于微纳卫星推进的方案,简要说明其工作原理,并分析其核心技术以及性能优势。给出了发展建议:提升总冲、功耗、调节精度等参数是微纳卫星动力系统未来主要的发展方向;研发工作中需要重点关注结构工艺、离子束流中和等关键技术。