GRACE products and land surface models for estimating the changes in key water storage components in the Nile River Basin

The Nile River Basin (NRB) is facing extreme demand for its water resources due to an alarming increase in population and the changing climate. The NRB is not compatible with ground-based in-situ observations owing to its large basin area size and limited hydrological data access from basin countries. Thus, it lends itself to remotely sensed approaches with high spatial resolution and extended temporal coverage. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) avails a unique opportunity to investigate the changes in key components of terrestrial water storage (TWS). GRACE TWS solutions have specific tuning parameters and processing strategies that result in regionally specific variations and error patterns. We explored the TWS time series spatiotemporal changes, trends, uncertainties, and signal-to-noise ratio among different GRACE TWS data. We had also investigated the key terrestrial water storage components such as surface water, soil moisture, and groundwater storage changes. The results show that GRACE spherical harmonic solutions' uncertainty is higher than the mass concentration (mascon) over the NRB, and the Center for Space Research-mascons had the best performance. The evapotranspiration correlation (R² = 0.85) has the highest correlation with GRACE’s TWS, whereas the normalized difference vegetation index (R² = 0.82) has the second highest correlation. Notably, significant long-term (2003–2017) negative groundwater and soil moisture trends demonstrate a potential depletion of the NRB. Despite an increase in precipitation and the TWS time series, the rate of decline increased rapidly after 2008, thereby indicating the possibility of human-induced change (e.g. for irrigation purposes). Therefore, the results of this study provide a guide for future studies related to hydro-climatic change over the NRB and similar basins.     

An assessment of semi-analytical models based on the absorption coefficient in retrieving the chlorophyll-a concentration from a reservoir

Monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in inland waters is crucial for water quality management, since Chl-a is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and, thus, for ecological health of a water environment. Chl-a concentration can be retrieved through the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of a water system, which, in turn, can be remotely sensed obtained. Quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA), originally developed for ocean waters, can also retrieve IOPs for inland waters after re-parameterizations. This study is aimed at assessing the performance of sixteen schemes composed by QAA original and re-parameterized versions followed by models that use absorption coefficients as inputs for estimating Chl-a concentration in Ibitinga reservoir, located at Tietê River cascading system, São Paulo State, Brazil. It was verified that only QAA_V5 based schemes were able to obtain reasonable estimates for image data and that by four models tested presented similar and acceptable results for QAA_V5 outputs. The best model were applied to a Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) image. Light absorption in the reservoir showed to be dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and wide spatial and temporal variability of optical and water quality properties was observed.     

大型客机积水跑道起降附加阻力评估

在飞机整个飞行过程中,起降阶段尽管时间占比很小,却是飞行事故的多发阶段。近几年国内外污染跑道起降冲出和偏离跑道的事故和事故征候不断发生。发生此类事故的一个重要原因就与湿跑道和污染跑道有关。为了保证飞行运行的安全,应确定飞机在污染跑道上的飞行性能。飞机在污染跑道上起降时污染物产生的附加阻力,对飞机的起降性能有很大的影响。分析了积水污染跑道上轮胎溅水图型的形成机理,研究了附加阻力的计算评估方法。算例表明,积水跑道附加阻力与积水深度近似成线性正比关系,与飞机地面滑跑速度近似成平方正比关系。该方法的计算结果符合规律、量级合理,达到了工程应用要求。     

SB-2复合水稳剂研制及性能评价

本文对SB - 2复合水稳剂的缓蚀阻垢性能进行了研究。该药剂适合高硬度高碱度水 ,动态模拟试验表明它的平均腐蚀速率为 0 .0 2 6 3mm/a、极限污垢热阻为 1 70× 10 -4M2 ℃ /千卡·小时 ) ,具有良好的性能。     

一款基于双面水冷IGBT的双电机控制器开发与验证

针对双电机混合动力汽车开发了一款双电机控制器。阐述了该控制器的总体设计方案,从系统的结构、硬件、软件进行了分析,提出了基于双面水冷IGBT的双电机控制器设计方案,并对双面水冷散热器进行了热仿真,研究了IGBT模块的散热效果。最后,对试验样机进行了台架试验,由试验波形可看出,所设计的双电机控制器具有良好的控制效果。     

大型水陆两栖飞机抗浪能力研究

阐述了大型灭火/水上救援水陆两栖飞机高抗浪船体设计方法,对飞机起飞过程中的水阻力、滑行稳定性和波浪运动响应进行了研究。通过对比分析,发现断阶喷溅形态是影响水阻力出现第2峰值的关键因素,提出了水阻力曲线出现第2峰值的条件;分析了在纵倾角-速度图中不同区域滑行时飞机纵倾角响应特性,明确了飞机在典型状态的稳定边界;通过研究波长、速度对飞机纵倾角、飞高和机身垂向过载的影响,确定了飞机在波浪水面发生剧烈运动响应时对应的波长范围。     

卫星推进系统发动机启动过程数值仿真

以一维管道瞬变流理论和特征线方法为基础,建立了仿真系统部件流体动力学模型。计算方法采用带内插的特征线方法和四阶龙格库塔法。对燃烧室模型,考虑燃烧时滞的影响,计算了卫星推进系统发动机在启动过程中各参数的变化。仿真结果与卫星推进系统热试车试验结果基本吻合。结果表明计算模型较好地描述了发动机启动过程中的水击和管流振荡现象,采用的仿真方法符合精度要求,在工程上可为卫星推进系统的设计与试验提供指导。      

水上行走机器人腿部静力学分析

水上行走机器人仿生水黾,利用腿部产生的表面张力在液体表面站立和行走.通过静力学分析可计算机器人载重能力,并给出腿部形状设计准则.建立了水上行走机器人支撑腿的静力学模型,分析了表面张力最大值条件即水面打破条件,提出了腿部支撑力及其最大允许入水深度的计算方法.采用该方法,使用Matlab计算得到了几种不同材料的表面张力与接触角关系曲线,计算了几种材料支撑腿的支撑力及其允许入水深度的最大值,并通过与实验数据相比较,验证了计算方法和结果的正确性.     

发动机吞水试验云雾特性数值模拟

吞水试验是测试飞机在雨天飞行时发动机性能的基本手段。喷水系统是吞水试验中构造水滴及水雾状态的关键部件,在保证液态水含量的同时还要满足液滴粒径和液滴分布的要求。通过CFD软件对喷雾系统进行数值模拟,得到各种因素对喷雾粒径的影响。发动机慢车状态时,水滴呈聚合趋势;最大状态时,水滴呈破碎趋势。提出一种喷水环形式的喷水系统,并对采用喷水环结构形式的喷水系统进行建模和数值计算,探讨其对外流场以及粒径变化产生影响。