涡扇动力模拟短舱反推力校准试验技术

为满足大飞机的反推力风洞试验需求,中国空气动力研究与发展中心发展了涡扇动力模拟短舱反推力校准试验技术。在FL-12风洞建立了反推力校准试验平台,利用推力天平测量反推力短舱实际推力,通过空气桥减少高压供气管路对天平测量影响,通过安装在短舱进口和喷口之间的隔板解决短舱进排气对风洞气流的诱导及反向喷流被短舱重新吸入的问题。发展了反推力校准试验方法和试验数据修正方法。为验证反推力校准试验技术可靠性,分别在FL-12风洞和FL-13风洞开展了某型号反推力校准试验和全机反推力风洞试验,试验结果表明:随排气压比增大,反推力短舱流量和速度的计算值与标定值之间的差异逐渐减小;校准试验精度优于0.5%,满足反推力风洞试验对校准试验的精度要求。      

不同高度通道内热薄燃料火焰传播特性的研究

为探究通道高度对逆风火焰传播特性的影响,采用实验、数值模拟、理论分析方法对微重力条件下不同高度通道内热薄燃料火焰传播特性进行了研究。通道高度分别为10mm, 14mm和60mm的短时落塔微重力实验结果表明,相同逆风气流速度时,随通道高度增加,火焰传播速度逐渐增大,且10mm, 14mm和16mm高度通道下的火焰长度比约为通道半高度比的二次方关系。数值模拟与理论分析表明,微重力条件下,随通道高度增加,火焰传播速度、火焰长度先增大再减小,呈非单调的变化趋势。燃烧热释放速率随高度变化呈非单调变化趋势,同火焰传播速度变化规律基本一致。     

闭路制导推力方向研究

在简化条件下，讨论了闭路制导中如何确定推力方向，以达到“燃料消耗最小”条件下的准最优．并以某型导弹为例进行了仿真计算。仿真计算结果表明．所提出的方法是有效的，可以达到“燃料消耗最小”条件下的准最优。     

基于输出预测的姿控发动机控制律优化设计

针对带有侧向喷流姿控发动机和尾部气动舵的导弹,建立了系统动力学模型和运动学模型,并对模型进行了分析和简化;考虑到侧向过载输出响应快速性的要求,采用侧向喷流发动机提供姿态控制力矩快速建立过载。基于侧向喷流发动机的工作特点,采用Fliess展式得到侧向过载输出的预测和侧向喷流发动机推力放大因子的估计,并以此为基础,提出了以侧向喷流发动机为执行机构的姿态控制律优化设计方法,实现了对侧向过载的快速跟踪。仿真结果说明了所提出方法的有效性。     

用Tam-Thies湍流模型研究带小突片的喷管流场特性

 首先,采用标准k-ε模型、可实现（realizable）k-ε模型、重正化群（RNG）k-ε模型和Tam-Thies模型4种湍流模型模拟了不同工况下的两种轴对称喷管和带有4片小突片的喷管流场,并将计算结果与实验值进行对比。结果发现：Tam-Thies模型所得出的模拟结果与实验值符合最好。然后,用Tam-Thies模型模拟了小突片后倾角不同的喷管的流场,和没有小突片的喷管的计算结果对比,发现：带有小突片的喷管的尾喷流的核心区长度变短,喷管出口下游气体的混合加剧;而当小突片后倾角增大时,核心区长度先减小后增大;在每个小突片下游产生一对方向相反、强度相同的流向涡,当小突片后倾角增大时,流向涡强度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,而喷管的引射系数增益和推力损失系数都逐渐减小。     

逆流推力矢量喷管的非定常内流性能研究

基于数值模拟方法,研究了逆流矢量喷管非定常内流性能.结果表明,在一个非定常周期内,前半个周期内附体和非附体的不同情况下,内流性能参数几乎一致,但后半个周期出现一定的差异.这是流动滞后性的表现,滞后性导致了附体不容易脱离.其起因与剪切层有关,逆流剪切层和同向流剪切层的演化过程显著不同,并且可能两者对附体的脱离起了共同的作用.最后,非定常流的结果进一步表明,逆流喷管是一种较高效率的射流式矢量喷管.      

基于安装结构实测发动机推力的载荷标定方法

针对某型航空发动机,在其安装结构的主要承力构件上进行应变计布置和桥路设计.分别对发动机安装结构部件和结构整体进行载荷标定试验,以此建立结构应变输出与载荷输入关系方程.并在此过程中对推力的标定方程进行相关性和显著性分析,相关系数和F值分别达到0.999和22000以上.推力计算值与加载载荷比较,单向和两向加载的工况下误差均在2%以内.结果表明：标定方程具有较高的精度.将标定方程代入实测飞行数据,得到发动机推力-时间历程曲线,与发动机燃油流量-时间历程曲线进行对比,两者变化趋势相吻合,进一步验证了发动机推力载荷测试方法的有效性和可行性,为飞机实际飞行时航空发动机推力的测量提供了一种可实施的技术途径.     

考虑稀薄气体效应的止推箔片轴承静特性分析

以波箔型气体止推箔片轴承为研究对象,基于1阶滑移速度边界条件,建立了考虑稀薄气体系数的修正雷诺方程.结合Newton-Raphson迭代法和有限差分法,耦合求解Reynolds方程和润滑膜厚度方程,仿真获得了止推箔片轴承的轴向承载力、起飞转速等静态性能,并研究了稀薄气体效应和轴承结构参数对止推箔片轴承静态特性的影响.结果表明:稀薄气体效应将使止推箔片轴承的轴向承载力减小,起飞转速增大,且稀薄气体效应的影响随轴承工作转速、箔片变形柔度系数的提高有所减弱;止推箔片轴承的安装间隙小于10μm时,起飞转速随安装间隙的减小急剧增大,因而在止推箔片轴承装配时须严格控制轴向间隙.      

Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exosphere of Mercury

It has been speculated that the composition of the exosphere is related to the composition of Mercury’s crustal materials. If this relationship is true, then inferences regarding the bulk chemistry of the planet might be made from a thorough exospheric study. The most vexing of all unsolved problems is the uncertainty in the source of each component. Historically, it has been believed that H and He come primarily from the solar wind (Goldstein, B.E., et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 86:5485–5499, 1981), Na and K come from volatilized materials partitioned between Mercury’s crust and meteoritic impactors (Hunten, D.M., et al. in Mercury, pp. 562–612, 1988; Morgan, T.H., et al. in Icarus 74:156–170, 1988; Killen, R.M., et al. in Icarus 171:1–19, 2004b). The processes that eject atoms and molecules into the exosphere of Mercury are generally considered to be thermal vaporization, photon-stimulated desorption (PSD), impact vaporization, and ion sputtering. Each of these processes has its own temporal and spatial dependence. The exosphere is strongly influenced by Mercury’s highly elliptical orbit and rapid orbital speed. As a consequence the surface undergoes large fluctuations in temperature and experiences differences of insolation with longitude. Because there is no inclination of the orbital axis, there are regions at extreme northern and southern latitudes that are never exposed to direct sunlight. These cold regions may serve as traps for exospheric constituents or for material that is brought in by exogenic sources such as comets, interplanetary dust, or solar wind, etc. The source rates are dependent not only on temperature and composition of the surface, but also on such factors as porosity, mineralogy, and space weathering. They are not independent of each other. For instance, ion impact may create crystal defects which enhance diffusion of atoms through the grain, and in turn enhance the efficiency of PSD. The impact flux and the size distribution of impactors affects regolith turnover rates (gardening) and the depth dependence of vaporization rates. Gardening serves both as a sink for material and as a source for fresh material. This is extremely important in bounding the rates of the other processes. Space weathering effects, such as the creation of needle-like structures in the regolith, will limit the ejection of atoms by such processes as PSD and ion-sputtering. Therefore, the use of laboratory rates in estimates of exospheric source rates can be helpful but also are often inaccurate if not modified appropriately. Porosity effects may reduce yields by a factor of three (Cassidy, T.A., and Johnson, R.E. in Icarus 176:499–507, 2005). The loss of all atomic species from Mercury’s exosphere other than H and He must be by non-thermal escape. The relative rates of photo-ionization, loss of photo-ions to the solar wind, entrainment of ions in the magnetosphere and direct impact of photo-ions to the surface are an area of active research. These source and loss processes will be discussed in this chapter.     

基于相关性分析和神经网络的直接推力控制

传统的发动机控制是将一些可测量参数作为被控制量,如转速和压比,因为可由它们推算出推力。但由于推算的过程不准确,为保证发动机安全运行,在发动机的设计过程中常常保留了较大的裕度。而直接推力控制可以降低这些裕度,充分发挥发动机的性能。针对在飞行中推力无法直接测量的情况,本文使用了相关性分析和神经网络技术设计了非线性推力估计器,使用若干测量参数作为输入,实时计算出发动机的推力值。并针对发动机使用的实际情况,使设计出的估计器不但可以估计额定发动机的推力,而且可以估计非额定发动机的推力。在仿真结果中,估计出的推力跟踪上了正常和非额定发动机的推力。