Particle acceleration and gamma rays in solar flares: Recent observations and new modeling

Experiments on SMM, GAMMA, Yohkoh, GRANAT, Compton GRO, INTEGRAL, RHESSI and CORONAS-F satellites over the past three decades have provided copious data for fundamental research relating to particle acceleration, transport and energetics of flares and to the ambient abundance of the solar corona, chromosphere and photosphere. We summarize main results of solar gamma-astronomy (including some results of several joint Russian–Chinese projects) and try to appraise critically a real contribution of those results into modern understanding of solar flares, particle acceleration at the Sun and some properties of the solar atmosphere. Recent findings based on the RHESSI, INTEGRAL and CORONAS-F measurements (source locations, spectrum peculiarities, ³He abundance etc.) are especially discussed. Some unusual features of extreme solar events (e.g., 28 October 2003 and 20 January 2005) have been found in gamma-ray production and generation of relativistic particles (solar cosmic rays, or SCR). A number of different plausible assumptions are considered concerning the details of underlying physical processes during large flares: (1) existence of a steeper distribution of surrounding medium density as compared to a standard astrophysical model (HSRA) for the solar atmosphere; (2) enhanced content of the ³He isotope; (3) formation of magnetic trap with specific properties; (4) prevailing non-uniform (e.g., fan-like) velocity (angular) distributions of secondary neutrons, etc. It is emphasized that real progress in this field may be achieved only by combination of gamma-ray data in different energy ranges with multi-wave and energetic particle observations during the same event. We especially note several promising lines for the further studies: (1) resonant acceleration of the ³He ions in the corona; (2) timing of the flare evolution by gamma-ray fluxes in energy range above 90 MeV; (3) separation of gamma-ray fluxes from different sources at/near the Sun (e.g., different acceleration sources/episodes during the same flare, contribution of energetic particles accelerated by the CME-driven shocks etc.); (4) asymmetric magnetic geometry and new magnetic topology models of the near-limb flares; (5) modeling of self-consistent time scenario of the event.     

航空燃气涡轮发动机氢燃料研究历史和低污染燃烧技术发展

氢燃料的应用对航空燃气涡轮发动机技术的发展具有重要的意义.根据国外对氢燃料在航空燃气涡轮发动机领域的应用研究,对相关研究历程进行了回顾,并对氢燃料低污染燃烧技术进行了分析.结果表明氢燃料在航空燃气涡轮发动机领域研究的重点已从早期的以军用为主转为以民用为主;氢燃料低污染燃烧技术的关键在于控制主燃区的贫油燃烧;而微混非预混扩散燃烧技术具有很大的应用潜力.      

低排放驻涡燃烧室冷态流场特性试验

利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对低排放驻涡燃烧室模型进行冷态流场测量,获得该燃烧室流场的变化规律和压力损失的变化情况.试验结果表明:低排放驻涡燃烧室涡系结构稳定,在主流后方的驻涡区存在主副双涡结构,联焰板后方的驻涡区存在单涡结构,两者之间特征截面呈现出双涡涡系逐渐向单涡涡系过渡,涡心位置也随截面的变换而变化.随着进口马赫数(0.15~0.30)的增大,主涡面积随之增加,副涡面积在进口马赫数为0.2时最大,而各特征截面上主副双涡及单涡的涡心位置基本不变.驻涡区涡系强度及其边缘的气流速度,以及主燃区的气流速度均随进口马赫数增大而提高.总压损失随进口马赫数(0.15~0.30)的增大而增加.      

用于超声速民机的变循环发动机研究进展

虽然自"协和"式民机退出蓝天后,在役民机止步于高亚声速,但是研究人员追寻超声速民用运输的脚步却从未停止,并且自第1代超声速民机以后,对超声速民机的研究就从未脱离过变循环发动机的技术探索。叙述了国外超声速民机用变循环发动机的发展历程,着重介绍了美国超声速巡航研究(SCR)计划、美国高速研究(HSR)计划、欧洲超声速研究(ESRP)计划、日本高超声速运输机推进系统研究(HYPR)计划、美国商业超声速(CST)计划下的变循环发动机研制情况,总结了各计划下变循环发动机的结构特点、性能优势及发展目标,论述了进/发匹配、低噪声、低排放等超声速民机用变循环发动机的关键技术及研究进展,为中国超声速民机用变循环发动机的发展提供一定的参考。     

一种解决经验模态分解端点效应的边界延拓法

用于电子设备或系统辐射发射趋势预测的数据大多呈现非线性、样本量小的特点,这大大增加了预测建模的难度,而经验模态分解(EMD)可以将非线性、非平稳的数据分解成若干个呈现一定周期性的本征模态函数(IMF),并且EMD具有完备性和正交性,可通过分别对分解得到的IMF分量建模,从而完成对原始数据的建模。但EMD被端点效应问题所困扰,为了提高EMD的分解精度,针对分解过程中的端点效应问题,以及辐射发射趋势预测的时间序列数据样本量小的特点,利用建立灰色均值GM(1,1)预测模型所需数据量小的优点,提出了一种基于灰色均值GM(1,1)预测模型的边界延拓方法,在原始数据两端各拓展一个极大值和一个极小值,对原始数据进行边界延拓,从而抑制EMD的端点效应。仿真对比结果表明:该方法在分解层数和平均相对误差方面均优于未经延拓处理的EMD,且对数据样本量要求不高。     

同心分级旋流结构的动态响应特征

实验探索了LESS(low emissions with stirred swirls)燃烧室头部出口附近的固有流动特征,及其对外界激励的响应.实验结果表明:预燃级旋流区域存在着周期性流动结构,而主燃级出口区域没有周期性流动结构;当外界激励的频率与流动固有频率耦合时,会引起预燃级流场畸变,并导致周期性流动的流速振荡幅值急剧增大.      

A photoionization method for estimating BLR “size” in quasars

We describe an alternate way to estimate Broad Line Region (BLR) radii for type-1 AGN based on determination of physical conditions in the BLR under the assumption that the line emitting gas is photoionized by a central continuum source. We derive “diagnostic” intensity ratios involving UV lines Aliiiλ$\lambda$1860, Siiii]λ$\lambda$1892 and Civλ$\lambda$1549 which enable us to compute the ionizing photon flux, and hence BLR radius from the ionization parameter definition. We compare our estimates of BLR radii with values independently obtained from reverberation monitoring of Hβ$\beta$ and, in a few cases, of C ivλ$\lambda$1549. We analyze the interpretation of the photoionization estimates in the 4D eigenvector 1 context, and discuss in some detail the case of 3C 390.3. For this object we are able to provide not only the ionizing photon flux, but also an estimate of density and ionization parameter from the measured diagnostic ratios. We also compare black hole masses obtained from this method with values derived from widely-applied correlations between mass, line broadening and luminosity. Good agreement is found for both radius and black hole mass comparisons.     

贫油预混预蒸发低污染燃烧室流场特性试验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术测量带双环旋流多点燃油直接喷射(TAMI)头部的贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场特性,试验相同进口条件下冷态及喷雾燃烧时流场结构,通过分析平均流场涡量、湍流强度及切应变率等特性参数来详细说明喷雾燃烧对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场的影响,并且研究了不同进口参数对其燃烧流场的影响.试验结果表明:①装有此头部的LPP低污染燃烧室喷雾燃烧流场回流区比冷态流场要小,并且平均流场特性参数在燃烧前后变化比较大;②随着进口油气比增加,中心回流区变短变胖;③随着进口空气量增加,回流区变窄变长.本试验所获得的流场特性结果可为低污染燃烧室的设计提供了一定的参考.      

超高速撞击声发射信号在Whipple结构中的传播时序特性研究

为研究屏/舱声发射信号传播时序特性,以典型Whipple防护结构为例,利用二级轻气炮对其进行超高速撞击实验。首先,利用独立于靶件的“遮挡板”阻挡弹丸击穿前板形成的二次碎片云撞击后板,利用布置在前、后板特定位置的超声换能器采集单纯的前板声发射信号,分析信号模态特征,结果表明：前板信号主要包括S0、A0和S2等三种模态板波,经圆柱支撑构件传播进入后板之后,全部转换为A0模态板波。在此基础上,建立了屏/舱声发射信号到达时序预测公式。其次,撤除遮挡板,利用布置在后板特定位置的超声换能器采集前、后板信号的混叠信号,分析两种信号的到达时序并与预测结果进行对比,结果验证了达时序预测公式的有效性。     

微型镓场发射电推力器的研制和点火特性

为了满足立方星等微纳航天器对推进系统的需求,研制出中国首台针式微型镓场发射电推力器。通过提高润湿温度解决了真空环境下镓难以充分润湿钨针等问题。实现了推力器的稳定点火,测试了不同润湿温度和不同几何参数下的点火特性。得到了发射电流随润湿温度提高、极间距减小和吸极内孔直径的增大而增大的关系。通过公式计算,给出了不同发射电流下的理论推力。通过电场仿真得到不同几何参数下的电场强度,揭示了几何参数影响发射电流的原因。