Mapping orbits with low station keeping costs for constellations of satellites based on the integral over the time of the perturbing forces

The present paper is concerned with the search for orbits that have potential to require low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers for constellations of satellites. The method used to study this problem is based on the integral over the time of the undesired perturbing forces. This integral measures the change of velocity caused by the perturbation forces acting on the satellite, so mapping orbits that are less perturbed, which generates good candidates for orbits that requires low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers. The integral over the time depends only on the orbit of the spacecraft and the dynamical system considered. The type of engine and the control technique applied to the spacecraft are not considered to search for those orbits. It can be a good strategy to be applied for a first mapping of orbits. For this search, it is analyzed the integral of orbits with different values of the Keplerian elements in order to find the best ones with respect to this criterion. The perturbations considered are the ones caused by the third body, which includes the Sun and the Moon, and the J₂ term of the geopotential. The results presented here show numerical simulations to obtain the integral of those perturbing forces for different orbits. The GPS and the Molniya constellations are used as examples for those calculations.     

Optimal station-keeping near Earth–Moon collinear libration points using continuous and impulsive maneuvers

In this study the gravitational perturbations of the Sun and other planets are modeled on the dynamics near the Earth–Moon Lagrange points and optimal continuous and discrete station-keeping maneuvers are found to maintain spacecraft about these points. The most critical perturbation effect near the L₁ and L₂ Lagrange points of the Earth–Moon is the ellipticity of the Moon’s orbit and the Sun’s gravity, respectively. These perturbations deviate the spacecraft from its nominal orbit and have been modeled through a restricted five-body problem (R5BP) formulation compatible with circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP). The continuous control or impulsive maneuvers can compensate the deviation and keep the spacecraft on the closed orbit about the Lagrange point. The continuous control has been computed using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and is compared with nonlinear programming (NP). The multiple shooting (MS) has been used for the computation of impulsive maneuvers to keep the trajectory closed and subsequently an optimized MS (OMS) method and multiple impulses optimization (MIO) method have been introduced, which minimize the summation of multiple impulses. In these two methods the spacecraft is allowed to deviate from the nominal orbit; however, the spacecraft trajectory should close itself. In this manner, some closed or nearly closed trajectories around the Earth–Moon Lagrange points are found that need almost zero station-keeping maneuver.     

全球航空发动机维修市场的竞争现状与前景展望

进入９０年代以来,全球航空发动机维修市场的规模不断扩大,发动机制造厂家、独立维修商及航空公司第三方维修实体为了提高各自的维修市场份额而纷纷扩充其维修实力。虽然这三类维修商目前在业务上平分秋色,但从发展趋势来看,发动机制造厂家很可能会在该市场上居于支配地位。本文在介绍该市场的全球业务规模及目前的竞争状况的基础上,对未来的变化趋势和发展走向进行了展望．     

基于机动动作链的飞行品质评价方法研究

在分析现有飞行品质规范适用范围和面临的问题的基础上,提出了选用基本战术机动动作和相关连接组成的机动动作链进行飞行品质评价的方法,使用该方法对三个飞行控制系统的控制律设计进行了分析和评价,结果表明,基于机动动作链的飞行品质评价方法是对现有飞行品质规范的有益补充。     

家族企业战略管理及其启示——基于国外学者的论点

家族企业战略管理是家族企业可持续成长的一个重要因素。基于国外学者的论点,从家族企业资源、家族企业战略决策、家族企业战略类型和家族企业战略工具这四个方面做出评述。在此基础上,紧密结合家族企业治理特性和治理维度,初步建立了家族企业战略管理理论模型,并提出对我国家族企业战略管理实践的启示。     

供应链管理中的不确定因素及其应对策略

供应链管理作为一种新型的管理理念,已受到了广泛的重视.许多企业已将其视为决胜未来的重要工具.然而,由于供应链是一个由供应商、制造商、销售商等组成的复杂的网络结构,因此,充满了许多不确定性因素.文章列举了供应链管理中的不确定性因素的具体表现,并对其成因做了详细的分析,对如何消除这些不确定性因素,提出了一些对策.     

空间交会调相特殊点变轨求解算法

空间交会调相是交会轨道控制的关键问题,本文给出了摄动条件下交会调相特殊点变轨求解算法.算法由粗求解器和细求解器组成:粗求解器中仅迭代部分设计变量,其余设计变量由Gauss型摄动运动方程解析计算;细求解器以粗求解器计算结果为初值,迭代所有设计变量获得较精确满足终端条件的解.算法简单可靠,适用于工程实际,算法的有效性得到了STK高精度轨道预报模块的验证.     

基于MDP的战机对抗导弹措施优化方法

对战机对抗导弹的措施优化问题进行了研究,将该问题归结为不确定条件下的序贯决策问题,提出了一种基于Markov决策过程(MDP)的导弹对抗措施优化方法。首先,该方法根据作战过程将作战阶段分为不同的状态,将电子对抗措施(ECM)和战术机动作为可供战机选择的行动;然后,通过不同战术行动下状态之间的转移概率来反映行动的不确定性,以雷达搜索状态和导弹命中状态的期望值来表征不同策略下的飞机生存力;最后,通过建立Markov决策模型得到飞机生存力最大时各个状态对应的最佳行动。仿真结果表明:飞机生存力随着时间推移而逐渐降低;不同策略下飞机的生存力不同,基于MDP的策略可以有效提高飞机的生存力;单步优化措施不能提高战机的生存力,必须考虑长期状态转移的影响。     

模糊神经网络在过失速机动飞行中的应用

模糊逻辑控制技术和神经网络有机的结合 ,拓宽了模糊逻辑方法和神经网络方法的适用领域。利用神经网络具有自学习能力的优势 ,采用反向传播学习算法 ,通过对传统模糊逻辑控制器中的模糊逻辑控制规则和隶属函数有关参数进行训练学习 ,设计了模糊神经网络控制器 ,应用于飞机的过失速机动“里程碑”之一—— 70°迎角定常飞行仿真计算 ,获得了令人满意的结果。     

石英振梁加速度计研究现状及发展趋势

石英振梁加速度计是一种基于振梁谐振和力频特性原理的新型全固态惯性传感器,具有高精度、大量程、低功耗、直接频率脉冲输出等突出特点,已被广泛应用于战术武器系统。简要介绍了石英振梁加速度计的工作原理、技术特点,梳理了分体式和一体式两种仪表结构的研究现状和关键技术。结合国外研究发展趋势,指出石英振梁加速度计将成为后续达到摆式积分陀螺加速度计精度和抗辐照指标、满足战略级需求最有可能的加速度计方案。