基于四元数的UKF多传感器卫星姿态确定

对采用磁强计和太阳敏感器的卫星姿态模型,应用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法确定卫星姿态。由四元数描述姿态,在算法中将其转换成旋转矢量,另设计了四元数求均值的迭代算法,解决了四元数在UKF算法中的处理。仿真结果表明:广义卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法对初值依赖性较大,UKF算法不受初值影响且精度高于EKF,具快速性、精度高和稳定性强等优点。     

一种新型机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台陀螺安装方式

陀螺安装方式及相应的算法编排是稳定平台设计中的一项关键技术。针对机载对地观测用三轴稳定平台特点,提出了将方位陀螺安装在方位环上,俯仰陀螺和横滚陀螺安装在俯仰环上的陀螺安装方式。利用空间矢量分解理论分析了陀螺输出角速度信号的投影关系及电机控制信号的分配;基于稳定平台系统模型,对理想正交情况和考虑陀螺安装误差情况进行了仿真分析,验证了此种安装方式的可行性和优越性。分析表明,在同等条件下,所提出的安装方式减小了稳定平台的机械尺寸,降低了稳定平台的重量和功耗,实现了三维角速度的正交测量,简化了三轴解耦控制算法。研究结论可为其他三轴稳定平台结构设计和陀螺安装方式设计提供参考。     

星载大型柔性索网天线重力环境下的型面调试

大口径柔性索网天线在地面环境下重力变形较大,且变形与天线反射面的制造误差始终交织在一起从而影响天线型面精度调试。针对这一问题,文章给出了反射面各类误差的定义,提出了制造误差与天线口面向上和口面向下不同放置状态型面误差的相互关系并予以证明;通过对这些关系式的运用降低了反射面重力变形与反射面制造误差的耦合程度,为反射器在重力环境下的型面调试指明了方向;此外结合工程需求给出了索网天线型面调试的流程,在实际工作中利用该流程可以有效地减少天线翻转调整次数,提高索网天线的型面调整效率。     

Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

Sumbandilasat—An operational technology demonstrator

Technology advances in sensor, digital technology and a standardised modular satellite bus are enabling a new generation of 80 kg micro-satellites with a better than 6.5 m GSD multi-spectral performance, to be specified, built and deployed with a dedicated launch within 12 months. The result of the standardised modular bus is lower cost, higher reliability and fast deployment. Operational remote sensing with a micro-satellite is thus within reach of individual organisations for dedicated missions. Sumbandilasat (pioneer in the Venda language) is a second generation satellite technology building on the expertise obtained in the Sunsat small satellite programme. The components used to build Sumbandilasat are the result of a technology development program of more than 3 years. Sumbandilasat is an operational technology demonstrator with more than 90% newly developed or improved subsystems and a compact refractive imager as a precursor to the MSMISat satellite with the same multi-spectral band set. The scalable, standardised modular satellite bus architecture enables satellites with a mass of 80–450 kg to be adapted to the specific mission requirements with minimum new engineering effort.     

星载SAR海洋特征检测技术初步研究

以舰船尾迹检测为例,分析了星载SAR对海洋特征成像的机理,从理论上阐述了星载SAR在舰船尾迹检测中具有的独特优势。在此基础上建立了星载SAR对海洋特征成像的仿真模型,并给出了仿真得到的舰船尾迹SAR图像。     

ESA开展GEO上小碎片的调查

文章主要介绍了欧空局开展地球同步轨道(GEO)小碎片的调查情况及相应技术.     

星载综合孔径微波辐射计冗余空间定标方法研究

星载综合孔径微波辐射计系统为了实现更好的辐射测量性能,在地面对通道间剩余相位通过相位定标实验进行测量,其结果用于亮温重构时对通道间剩余相位进行补偿。冗余空间定标方法基于自身阵列冗余基线信息,该方法无需额外资源支持即可对星载综合孔径微波辐射计系统定标,可作为一种在轨的验证方案对系统综合孔径微波辐射计系统通道间剩余相位进行评估。系统性的介绍了基于星载综合孔径微波辐射计系统观测到的场景,冗余空间定标方法以及对平坦场景提出利用模拟的平坦目标响应相位修正的方法,可在点源场景、平坦场景下利用冗余空间定标方法求解通道间剩余相位,并结合仿真验证该方法的可行性。     

电子干扰对低可观测飞行器飞行路径规划的影响

为了提高巡航导弹的低空突防能力,在分析电子干扰对雷达网威胁区域的影响后认为:在多重干扰条件下,雷达探测空间会顺着干扰方向产生内凹和偏移,因此,建立了新的雷达探测空间模型.采用空间对象间拓扑关系推理方法建立了飞行器飞行路径规划目标函数中雷达威胁指数模型,然后改进了飞行器飞行路径规划模型,并在此基础上进行了巡航导弹飞行路径规划的软件仿真.仿真结果表明:考虑电子干扰对雷达威胁区域的影响情况下规划的飞行路径能够回避雷达威胁,有效提高飞行器低空突防能力.     

一种星载巴特勒矩阵微放电特性的分析与验证

作为星载雷达发射微波功率合成的关键部件,巴特勒矩阵的微放电性能直接决定了雷达载荷的功率容量。因此,有必要对其微放电特性进行分析与验证。针对该需求,提出了一种用于大功率动态合成网络的星载巴特勒矩阵,并对其在真空条件下的微放电特性进行了分析与验证。第一,提出了一款用于星载雷达的大功率巴特勒矩阵,对其功率合成性能进行了分析。第二,为了对巴特勒矩阵微放电性能进行详细研究,对提出的巴特勒矩阵进行了微放电功率阈值仿真和自由电子分布分析。第三,为了验证分析结果的正确性,对该巴特勒矩阵进行了峰值功率14kW的真空微放电试验,验证了其在大功率真空环境下的微波传输功率容量。提出的巴特勒矩阵性能优良,为未来的星载雷达大功率微波部件提供了理论方法和关键技术支持。