高层大气及其预报研究对航天飞行的重要性

简述控制高层大气的主要能源和描绘了高层大气的主要天气变化过程,并且阐明高层大气及其预报研究的量要性和给出高层大气对航天飞行有严重影响的几个实例,最后简介高层大气及其预报研究的新动向。     

基于木星大气环境的降落伞系统气动特性研究

木星探测是未来行星探测的重要发展方向,而降落伞是进入木星大气探测必不可少的气动减速装置。文章基于“伽利略号”探测任务,设计了满足未来木星探测需求的降落伞系统简化模型,并针对该降落伞系统进行了数值模拟,研究了木星大气和地球风洞实验环境中不同来流马赫数下降落伞系统的复杂流动现象及气动力变化规律。在木星大气环境中,降落伞的阻力系数和横向力系数大小以及横向力系数波动幅度均高于风洞试验环境,阻力系数波动幅度均低于风洞实验环境。此外,还研究了木星大气环境中不同来流攻角下降落伞系统的气动特性。研究表明,木星大气环境中降落伞系统气动特性与风洞实验结果有差异,因此未来在设计用于木星探测的降落伞系统时,应考虑由于木星大气环境对降落伞系统气动特性的影响。     

大气温度对发动机的影响及其修正

对相似原理造成的误差进行了分析,给出了修正这些误差的方法,并采用这些方法,运用新的性能参数换算公式,对军用某型涡扇发动机做了大气温度对发动机特性影响的计算。计算结果表明:随着温度的增加,流量减小,压气比减小,因而推力减小,耗油率增加。     

SOHO contribution to the understanding of mass supply and flows in the solar corona

We expect a variety of dynamic phenomena in the quiescent non-flaring corona. Plasma flows, such as siphon flows or convective flows of chromospheric material evaporating into the corona, are expected whenever a pressure differences is established either between the footpoints or between the coronal and chromospheric segments of a coronal loop. Such flows can induce phenomena of spatial and temporal brightness variability of the corona. In particular, evaporation induces a net mass input into the corona and consequently coronal density enhancements. Flows are also expected in the regions where energy is released during magnetic reconnection. From the observational point of view the dynamics of the solar atmosphere has been investigated in great detail mostly in the lower transition region with the HRTS, and during flares with theSolar Maximum Mission andYohkoh. The high spectral, temporal and spatial resolution of theSOHO ultraviolet spectrometers should enable us in the near future to fill the gap providing a continuous coverage from the chromosphere to the corona, in the 10⁴–10⁶ K domain, and therefore to best study the dynamics throughout the solar atmosphere.     

H2O对空间站5A分子筛CO2去除性能影响

为进一步研究分子筛CO2去除系统应用于空间站的工作可靠性和鲁棒性,针对空间站4床分子筛(4-BMS)系统中可能出现的湿度失效保护问题展开了实验研究.测试了两种载人航天分子筛材料TC-5A与PSA-5A,研究了不同相对湿度对CO2吸附性能的影响;比较了相同湿度条件下,进口气体CO2浓度、粒径及吸附温度的变化对分子筛吸附CO2性能的影响,采用不同实验方法探究了H2O和CO2在两种分子筛材料中的竞争吸附关系.结果表明:PSA-5A吸附CO2性能优于TC-5A,但对H2O的吸附率略低于TC-5A.H2O的存在对分子筛吸附CO2影响非常大,空气中相对湿度达到60%时,分子筛基本失去了吸附CO2的能力.此外,温度升高会造成CO2的吸附量显著下降,但对H2O的吸附量影响相对较小,尤其是当相对湿度较高时.这对中国未来长期运行的空间站分子筛CO2去除系统工作有效性与工作鲁棒性的评价具有指导意义.     

航天飞机再入大气层最优轨迹

本文研究航天飞机再人大气层最小气动加热的最优轨迹。文中考虑了地球自转的影响和气动加热、动压、过载对再入飞行的限制。在地心非惯性坐标系中,采用球面速度坐标系建立运动方程。再入点的运动参数是在惯性计算系中给出的,故地心非惯性系的再入参数是经过惯性计算系到非惯性计算系的转换而获得的。文中最优轨迹的性能指标采用气动加热量的最小值,最优轨迹的求解方法采用非线性规划法,即将控制变量参数化,把泛函的极值问题转变成函数的极值问题进行求解,因而可以利用函数优化方法的标准程序进行计算。本文在性能指标中引进了罚函数,并采用Powell方法求解无约束的最优化问题。文中进一步用运动参数描述控制变量,这不但便于初值的选择,而且还便于考虑一些参数变化规律的要求。本方法使用方便,计算结果稳定可靠。     

常压热试验技术在整星级航天器研制中的应用研究

针对航天器常压热试验技术在中国返回式卫星研制过程中的应用进行了研究,论述了常压热试验隔间的设计、常压热试验技术的原理和方法,然后就试验结果以及试验过程中涉及到的几个重要问题进行了分析讨论。通过分析可得,常压热试验达到了对卫星进行可靠性考核的试验目的,对航天器研制的流程再造具有重要意义。     

Signature of the 11-Year Cycle in the Upper Atmosphere

In the last 45 years I have studied the thermal structure of the atmosphere from the thermosphere down to the stratosphere, and found evidence of its variability in relationship with the change of solar irradiation during the 11-year solar cycle. I would review, in the light of recent model results, the measurements which I had made since the 1960s and which, for some of them, did not find any explanation at the time of their publication. The data were obtained by two different techniques, rockets and lidars and correspond to different regions of the atmosphere from the upper thermosphere to the stratosphere. The expectation was until recently that the atmosphere should be warmed by an increase of solar flux in the course of the solar cycle due to the increase of UV flux. It has been shown to be the case in the tropical stratosphere and at all latitudes in the upper thermosphere. But, at high and mid latitudes and at other altitudes, the reverse situation was found to exist and, until recently, this cooling observed in parts of the atmosphere with increasing solar flux had never been simulated by models. In addition to reviewing our own data, the paper will present recent results using other dataset which support our observations. It is only recently that we succeeded with a model able to tune the forcing by planetary waves at the tropopause level and thus reproduce such behaviour.     

Advances in the study of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere

The research activities of the middle and upper atmosphere in China paced abig stride in the recent years. This paper provides an brief overview of theadvances in main aspects of the study in China during the past four years.     

近地空间全天时星敏感器技术现状及发展综述

星敏感器是一种以恒星为参考源的姿态测量设备,在卫星、导弹、舰船等平台得到广泛应用。对于需在大气层内全天时工作的近地空间平台,如舰船、飞机、导弹、高空气球等,星敏感器面临白天强烈天空背景条件下探测暗弱恒星目标的难题。首先介绍了近地空间全天时星敏感器的基本工作原理;其次介绍了国内外研究现状;然后分析并总结了全天时星敏感器实现的主要技术途径;最后梳理出下一步研究方向。分析结果可为近地空间全天时星敏感器系统的研制提供参考和帮助。