航空发动机维修技术进展与展望

航空发动机是为航空装备提供动力的装置,维修保障是保障发动机完成服役周期的重要阶段。随着航空发动机维修产业的不断发展,为满足未来大批量、高质量、高效率的维修需求,发动机维修技术也在不断提升和发展。本文简要介绍了航空发动机维修发展历史;从故障检查、整机清洗和整机装配三个方面综述了航空发动机整机维修技术的研究进展,从再制造发展、关键技术和技术开发流程三个方面阐述了航空发动机再制造进展;并对航空发动机维修和再制造技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

八面体桁架结构在内冷通道中的流动传热特性研究

为探究八面体桁架结构在航空发动机热端部件内冷通道中的可应用性,掌握八面体桁架结构的流动传热特性,本文采用理论推导和三维数值模拟的方法,对八面体桁架单体的有效导热系数以及八面体桁架阵列结构的流动结构和传热性能开展了研究。首先,针对八面体桁架单体结构,推导出了考虑节点效应的有效导热系数关系式,并通过与数值计算结果对比,验证了其有效性。其次,针对八面体桁架阵列结构,开展了整体结构的三维数值计算,分析了其内部通道的流动结构和温度分布,获得了不同结构的流动阻力和对流传热系数随雷诺数的变化规律。最后,考虑到结构的综合传热性能,本文针对不同孔隙率的八面体桁架阵列结构,进行了基于相同泵功率下努塞尔数的对比。根据计算结果,本文给出了获得最佳传热性能的无量纲直径范围0.07~0.08,相应的孔隙率变化范围 0.872~0.841。分析其原因,由于随着结构孔隙率的减小,即固体率的增加,对流传热强度不断提高,然而,当孔隙率减小到84.1%以下时,由于内通道中流动阻力骤然增大,导致传热效率降低。将八面体桁架结构应用于航空发动机热端部件内冷通道中,是同时出于高效冷却和力学性能的考虑,本文掌握八面体桁架阵列结构的流动传热特性,为其在实际工程中的应用提供了理论支撑。     

基于正交实验设计的螺旋通道变流器水动力性能数值分析

变流器是螺旋通道磁流体推进器推进通道中重要的水力部件之一,变流器的设计影响着推进器的水力性能和推进性能。提出了基于四阶贝塞尔曲线的螺旋通道变流器三维建模方法,明确了变流器的结构参数;采用正交实验设计方法,选用五因素四水平正交设计表基于CFD方法分析了变流器结构参数对螺旋通道水动力学性能的影响及其变化规律。分析结果表明螺旋通道导流器会大幅减小水力损失,整流器会增加水力损失,但能提高整流效果。分析结果可以为螺旋通道磁流体推进器的水力优化及推进性能提升提供有意义的指导作用。     

CAAC批准或认可的超规范修理研究

对CAAC航空营运人申请审批超规范修理方案进行了多维度分析,讨论了超规范修理方案本身所具备的部分属性,列出了CAAC/FAA/EASA对超规范修理方案的审批要求,介绍超规范修理方案向持续适航文件的转化,最终界定出TC/STC提供的超规范修理方案明确且实用的范围及判断方法,同时针对超规范修理方案的审批流程给出了优化改进的建议。     

民用航空器重要修理和一般修理的判定与批准要求

结合美国联邦航空局、欧洲航空安全局、中国民用航空局对于重要修理和一般修理的定义、判断逻辑以及批准方式,对两类修理进行了比较、分析和研究,总结并细化了重要/一般修理的批准要求及其判定重要/一般修理的逻辑图,以便能确保民用航空器的维修工作符合局方要求。     

A New Exposed-terminal-free MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Networks

This article presents a new multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol to solve the exposed-terminal (ET) problem for efficient channel sharing in multi-hop wireless networks. It uses request-to-send and clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) dialogue on a common channel and flexibly opts for conflict-free traffic channels to carry out the data packet transmission on the basis of a new channel selection scheme. The acknowledgment (ACK) packet for the data packet transmission is sent back to the sender over another common channel thus completely eliminating the exposed-terminal effects. Any adjacent communication pair can take full advantage of multiple traffic channels without collision and the spatial reuse of the same channel is extended to other communication pairs which are even within 2 hops from them. In addition, the hidden-terminal effect is also considerably reduced because most of possible packet collisions on a single channel are avoided due to traffic load balance on multichannels. Finally, a performance comparison is made between the proposed protocol and other typical MAC protocols. Simulation results evidence its obvious superiority to the MAC protocols associated with other channel selection schemes and traditional ACK transmission scheme as well as cooperative asynchronous multichannel MAC (CAM-MAC) protocol in terms of four performance indices: total channel utilization, average channel utilization, average packet delay, and packet dropping rate.     

Molecular analysis of the graviperception signal transduction in the flagellate Euglena gracilis: Involvement of a transient receptor potential-like channel and a calmodulin

Euglena gracilis, a unicellular, photosynthetic flagellate is a model system for environmentally controlled behavior responses. The organism shows pronounced negative gravitaxis. This movement is based on physiological mechanisms, which in the past had been only indirectly assessed. It was shown that mechano-sensitive calcium channels are involved in the gravitaxis response. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family function as mechano-sensitive channels in several different cell types. We have sequenced part of a TRP gene in Euglena and applied RNA interference (RNAi) to confirm that these channels are involved in graviperception. It was found that RNAi against the putative TRP channel abolished gravitaxis. The genes of three calmodulins were sequences in Euglena, one of which was previously known in its protein structure (cal 1). The other two were unknown (cal 2 and cal 3). Cal 2 has been analyzed in detail. The biosynthesis of the corresponding proteins of cal 1 and cal 2 was inhibited by means of RNA interference to see whether this blockage impairs gravitaxis. RNAi of cal 1 leads to a long-term loss of free swimming in the cells (while euglenoid movement persists). It induced pronounced cell form aberrations and the division of cells was hampered. After recovery from RNAi the cell showed precise negative gravitaxis again. Thus cal 1 does not seem to be involved in gravitaxis. In contrast, the blockage of cal 2 has no pronounced influence on motility and cell form but leads to a complete loss of gravitactic orientation for more than 30 days showing that this calmodulin is an element in the signal transduction chain. The data are discussed in the context of the current model of the gravitaxis signal transduction chain in Euglena gracilis.     

GLONASS-based precise point positioning and performance analysis

Current precise point positioning (PPP) techniques are mainly based on GPS which has been extensively investigated. With the increase of available GLONASS satellites during its revitalization, GLONASS observations were increasingly integrated into GPS-based PPP. Now that GLONASS has reached its full constellation, there will be a wide interest in PPP systems based on only GLONASS since it provides a PPP implementation independent of GPS. An investigation of GLONASS-based PPP will also help the development of GPS and GLONASS combined PPP techniques for improved precision and reliability. This paper presents an observation model for GLONASS-based PPP in which the GLONASS hardware delay biases are addressed. In view of frequently changed frequency channel number (FCN) for GLONASS satellites, an algorithm has been developed to compute the FCN for GLONASS satellites using code and phase observations, which avoids the need to provide the GLONASS frequency channel information during data processing. The observation residuals from GLONASS-based PPP are analyzed and compared to those from GPS-based PPP. The performance of GLONASS-based PPP is assessed using data from 15 globally distributed stations.     

Calcium influx through stretch-activated channels mediates microfilament reorganization in osteoblasts under simulated weightlessness

We have explored the role of Ca²⁺ signaling in microfilament reorganization of osteoblasts induced by simulated weightlessness using a random positioning machine (RPM). The RPM-induced alterations of cell morphology, microfilament distribution, cell proliferation, cell migration, cytosol free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i), and protein expression in MG63 osteoblasts were investigated. Simulated weightlessness reduced cell size, disrupted microfilament, inhibited cellular proliferation and migration, and induced an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. Gadolinium chloride (Gd), an inhibitor for stretch-activated channels, attenuated the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i and microfilament disruption. Further, the expression of calmodulin was significantly increased by simulated weightlessness, and an inhibitor of calmodulin, W-7, aggravated microfilament disruption. Our findings demonstrate that simulated weightlessness induces Ca²⁺ influx through stretch-activated channels, then results in microfilament disruption.     

一种载人航天器深空通信系统架构的设想

为保证深空探测载人航天器与地面之间的可靠通信,在分析载波频率、信源压缩技术、编码技术和调制方式的基础上,提出了一种载人航天器深空通信系统架构,综合考虑各种通信业务的需求,采用LDPC编码、SOQPSK调制等先进技术,充分利用深空通信信道宽带宽的特点。相比于现有的深空探测航天器,文章提出的深空通信系统架构可获得更高的增益,能以更高的数据速率进行可靠通信,具有一定的技术前瞻性和较高的工程应用价值,对我国后续载人登月及其他深空飞行任务具有一定的参考意义。