Overview of current capabilities and research and technology developments for planetary protection

The pace of scientific exploration of our solar system provides ever-increasing insights into potentially habitable environments, and associated concerns for their contamination by Earth organisms. Biological and organic-chemical contamination has been extensively considered by the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection (PPP) and has resulted in the internationally recognized regulations to which spacefaring nations adhere, and which have been in place for 40 years. The only successful Mars lander missions with system-level “sterilization” were the Viking landers in the 1970s. Since then different cleanliness requirements have been applied to spacecraft based on their destination, mission type, and scientific objectives. The Planetary Protection Subcommittee of the NASA Advisory Council has noted that a strategic Research & Technology Development (R&TD) roadmap would be very beneficial to encourage the timely availability of effective tools and methodologies to implement planetary protection requirements. New research avenues in planetary protection for ambitious future exploration missions can best be served by developing an over-arching program that integrates capability-driven developments with mission-driven implementation efforts. This paper analyzes the current status concerning microbial reduction and cleaning methods, recontamination control and bio-barriers, operational analysis methods, and addresses concepts for human exploration. Crosscutting research and support activities are discussed and a rationale for a Strategic Planetary Protection R&TD Roadmap is outlined. Such a roadmap for planetary protection provides a forum for strategic planning and will help to enable the next phases of solar system exploration.     

European space research in support of international partnership

The envisaged future space research programmes, whether in the field of space exploration or Earth observation are becoming more and more technically complicated and so costly that a single nation can hardly afford to realize them. Major non-European space-faring nations, China and India will progressively play an important role besides US, Russia and Japan. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended that the European Commission supports within Horizon 2020 a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration Programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. The International Space Station (ISS) experience shows that cooperative space programmes build links between industries and laboratories from around the world, which then further develop in non-space related activities, with positive impact on the economy and scientific research. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the gradual increasing risks incurred by climate change. In order to lower their entry barrier to engage in space emerging and developing space nations need to be included in cooperative space programmes. We present the recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission concerning Europe's participation to global space endeavours.     

高校收费的定价模型与助学贷款有关问题的研究

本文论述了高校收费定价应充分考虑居民收入水平等诸多方面,国家应成为办学的主体。要解决贫困生上大学的学费及生活费问题,就必须抓紧建立全国性个人征信机构,成立国家助学贷款政策性银行。     

武汉城市圈建设中的产业政策选择——从产业集聚效应的角度分析

武汉城市圈虽然城市密集，基础较好，但是城市圈内各城市间没有形成良好的分工合作，产业低水平重复，资源配置效率低下。通过运用计量经济学工具，建立集聚经济的分析框架，测算武汉城市圈内各城市的产业集聚效应，来探讨武汉城市圈建设中的产业政策选择问题。通过分析我们发现，在武汉城市圈中，黄冈市、成宁市和天门市不适合优先发展工业．因此未来要增强自身经济集聚能力，加快经济发展速度，与武汉城市圈整体发展水平相协调；武汉市和仙桃市适合优先发展轻工业；黄石市、鄂州市、孝感市和潜江市适合优先发展重工业。     

The essential role of human spaceflight

The question is: should the United States and nations at large pursue a human spaceflight program (and if so, why)? I offer an unwavering positive answer to this question, and state the reasons for it while considering the broad challenges and benefits of (human) spaceflight. Space exploration is a human activity that is intrinsically forward-looking, and as such, has positive potential. Both national and international space programs can galvanize the population, inspire the youth, foster job-creation, and motivate the existing workforce. The nature of the enterprises involved—their scale, novelty, and complexity—requires a steady and continuous upward progression toward greater societal, scientific and technological development. That is, in order to overcome the challenges of human spaceflight, progress is required. More to the point, the survival of humanity depends on expanding beyond the confines of our planet. Human spaceflight, in short, presents us with an opportunity to significantly advance the nation and the global community.     

销售政策与产品定价模型

本文分析探讨了销售政策与定价模型的关系，建立了考虑销售政策的扩展价格模型。尽管不同企业在制定价格政策上存在不同的做法，但本文关于建立价格政策与定价模型数量关系的方法具有普遍指导意义。     

高层建筑的防火安全对策

针对高层建筑的特点，分析了高层建筑发生火灾的危险性和危害性，对提高高层建筑消防安全需要进行全面系统设计，实施全方位科学运作，加强各方面综合协调，并对防范火灾发生，控制火灾扩大，确保安全疏散等问题进行了探讨。     

刍议上市公司会计政策选择与会计信息披露

随着会计政策选择的空间不断增大，会计政策选择出现的问题越来越多。如何规范上市公司会计政策的选择，提高上市公司的信息披露质量成为人们探讨的一个重要内容。本文从我国上市公司会计政策选择的现状人手，进一步分析会计政策选择对信息披露的影响，对于促进上市公司合理选择会计政策、维护资本市场的健康运转有一定的借鉴意义。     

载人月球软着陆任务紧急中止轨道分析与设计

针对载人月球软着陆进程中,由载人飞船发动机失效引起的任务中止问题,首先分析主发动机失效可能引起的撞月轨道、环绕轨道、逃逸轨道等轨道类型及其特点;然后分析了中止任务执行的前提条件及中止过程的导航制导要求,在此基础上,考虑二体模型,提出普适的共面软着陆中止轨道计算方法;最后,在考虑登月飞船生保系统时间限制条件下,给出下降级主发动机失效情况下,撞月轨道的中止仿真算例。仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现登月飞船软着陆制动故障情形下的任务中止,能够确保飞船安全返回环月轨道。     

火星探测转移轨道中途修正分析

中途修正分析是深空探测任务设计的关键步骤。首先讨论火星探测中途修正速度增量的求解方法,并由此对多次修正问题进行了Monte Carlo仿真分析。为满足不同的计算需求,针对速度增量的求解问题,给出了精确算法和快速算法两种思路,并对二者的解算精度进行了对比。以2018年某火星探测轨道为例,根据设定误差,计算得出了各次修正速度增量和残余误差随修正时间变化的数据曲线,进而对修正时机的选择问题进行了讨论,并对5次修正策略进行了仿真分析。实验表明,Monte Carlo仿真数据能够直观地反映多次修正的基本规律,讨论结果可以为修正策略的制定提供一种思路和数据参考。